Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of the present work was to study the effect of a modification of diet composition upon the plasma levels of some peptides known to be involved in the hormonal regulation of exocrine pancreas secretion. Six growing Large-White pigs weighing 41 +/- 3.2 kg were fitted with a catheter in a carotid artery; four of these pigs were also fitted with permanent fistulae in the pancreatic duct and duodenum. All the pigs were adapted to a control diet (C) during an 8-day period before surgery. In the 8-day postoperative period and a first experimental period of 4 days, they were fed on the same control diet. Three pigs were then fed the experimental diets in the following sequence: fat-rich diet (F) for 7 days, control diet (C) for 7 days, starch-rich diet (S) for 7 days, whereas the other three pigs were fed the same diets over the same time lengths but in inverse sequence: diet S, diet C, diet F. The three diets were isoproteinic (16% protein) and isocaloric (3,850 cal/kg). The pancreatic secretion and the plasma levels of cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and somatostatin were analysed during the 4 days of the first experimental period and the last day of each of the other three experimental periods. Total proteins and lipase and amylase activities were determined in pancreatic juice samples collected over the 7 hours following the morning meal. Arterial blood was sampled at 9 h 00 (before meal consumption), 9 h 30, 10 h 00 and every hour until 16 h 00. The results confirm pancreatic adaptation to the diet, i.e. increase of lipase specific activity (x 1.8) when the pigs ingested 6 times more fat (diet S----diet F) per day, and an increase in amylase specific activity (x 2.3) when they ingested 3 times more starch (diet F----diet S) per day. Furthermore, changes in diet composition did not lead to any durable, significant change in plasma peptide levels. In conclusion, CCK, secretin, PP and somatostatin, known to regulate exocrine pancreas secretion, would not be involved in the mechanisms of pancreatic amylase and lipase adaptation to the amount of carbohydrate and fat ingested by pigs.
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PMID:Diet composition and the plasma levels of some peptides regulating pancreatic secretion in the pig. 289 76

The current study examines the effects of bombesin on gastrointestinal and pancreatic growth in suckling rats. During a period of 6 days, 7-day-old rats were injected twice daily with bombesin tetradecapeptide (20 micrograms/kg) in hydrolyzed gelatin or with gelatin alone. At the end of bombesin treatment, the weights of stomach, intestine, and pancreas; the heights of fundic and antral mucosae; and the density of parietal cells were significantly increased over control values. The gastrin cell population also tended to be augmented. The surface of glandular stomach, the duodenal mucosal height, and the somatostatin cell population were not modified as compared to controls. Electron morphometric analysis indicates that the increase in pancreatic weight under bombesin treatment was partly due to hypertrophy of acinar cells. This was confirmed by biochemical data that also showed that hypertrophy was associated with hyperplasia. Storage of secretory granules in acinar cells of the neonate rat pancreas under bombesin treatment seemed probable. Chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen pancreatic contents were greatly augmented; lipase and colipase contents were not affected, whereas the amylase content tended to decrease. All these findings suggest that bombesin might be a general trophic factor for the neonatal digestive system in the rat. The mechanism of its action, however, remains to be determined.
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PMID:Stimulating effect of bombesin on the growth of gastrointestinal tract and pancreas in suckling rats. 369 11

Although abdominal complaints are frequent in both acute and chronic alcoholism, little is known of the effect of ingestion of ethanol with a meal on the function of the upper digestive tract. We have studied the effects of oral ethanol (1 g/kg body wt) taken with food on the gastric emptying rate of a solid-liquid meal as measured by a dual radioisotope technique in six normal subjects; and the gastric response (emptying and secretion), biliopancreatic secretions, and duodenal nutrient absorption after an homogenized meal, as evaluated by a gastroduodenal intubation-marker perfusion technique on seven healthy volunteers. In the latter experiments, radioimmunoassays of gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, pancreatic polypeptide, motilin, somatostatin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were performed serially. As compared with the control experiment, alcohol induced the following effects: marked delay of gastric emptying of solids, smaller slowing effect on gastric emptying of the liquid phase of the solid-liquid meal and of the homogenized meal; no significant change in gastric acid secretion; no change in the overall postprandial pancreatic enzyme outputs, but a delay of lipase secretion; no change in the early bile salt postprandial output, but a reduced bile salt secretion from the second postprandial hour onwards; no significant change in carbohydrate and lipid duodenal absorption; and a significantly greater postcibal gastrin release. The mechanisms for these effects of alcohol on upper digestive tract function remain to be clarified.
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PMID:Effect of ethanol ingestion on postprandial gastric emptying and secretion, biliopancreatic secretions, and duodenal absorption in man. 370 25

The aim of the present study was to investigate the short-term (8-day) effects of feeding a raw soybean diet on exocrine pancreatic secretion and the plasma levels of gastrointestinal hormones in pigs. After adaptation to a heated soybean diet, 6 pigs (36.5 +/- 0.8 kg) were fitted with permanent fistulae of the pancreatic duct, the duodenum and a carotid artery. After post-surgical recovery of 8 days, the animals were submitted to two experimental periods, a 4-day period during which they were fed the heated soybean diet and an 8-day period during which they received the raw soybean diet. Exocrine pancreatic secretion and plasma levels of secretin, cholecystokinin, VIP, PP, somatostatin and gastrin were monitored each day of the two experimental periods. On the first day of raw soybean ingestion and till its end, the daily volume of pancreatic juice was higher than the mean volume measured during heated soybean ingestion. On the contrary, daily total protein output was unchanged. Specific activities of chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase were not modified by the raw soybean diet whereas, from the third day of the experimental period, that of trypsin was higher than the corresponding mean value determined during the first experimental period. Plasma levels of secretin and VIP were higher throughout raw soybean ingestion than the corresponding mean levels determined during the first experimental period. The plasma level of cholecystokinin increased only slightly and in the first days of the second experimental period only. The other gastrointestinal hormones studied were slightly (gastrin) or not (somatostatin, PP) affected by raw soybean feeding. It is suggested that feedback control of exocrine pancreatic secretion in pigs was the mechanism involved in the increase of pancreatic juice observed when raw soybean was fed. This volume increase would result from secretin release into the blood.
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PMID:Short-term (8-day) effects of a raw soybean diet on exocrine pancreatic secretion and plasma gastrointestinal hormone levels in the pig. 371 92

7 healthy subjects received an oral fat load containing 100 g neutral fat on two test days. The test meal was followed by an infusion of somatostatin (500 micrograms/h) over three hours. On the first test day 150,000 E of an active fungal lipase (extracted from Rhizopus arrhizus) were given with the fat meal. On the second day placebo capsules were administered instead of lipase. No postprandial increase of serum triglyceride levels could be found in both examinations. These results suggest, that the influence of somatostatin on triglyceride absorption cannot be due to the inhibition of pancreatic lipase secretion.
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PMID:[Further examinations of the influence of somatostatin on triglyceride absorption (author's transl)]. 610 84

We have studied the effects of somatostatin on lipid metabolism in liver and adipose tissue of fasted mice. The animals were injected subcutaneously with 8 micrograms somatostatin and killed 5 min after injection. In vivo incorporation of [14C]acetate into triglycerides in both tissues and into hepatic cholesterol was significantly enhanced by somatostatin. Concomitantly, a decrease of triglyceride lipase activity was observed, which corresponds well with the variation undergone by cyclic AMP-protein kinase system. In addition, a marked increase of serum cholesterol levels was observed. Additionally, in vitro experiments were also performed by employing 2.4 X 10(-6) M somatostatin. The results showed that the direct effect of somatostatin on liver seems to be a decrease in acetate uptake. The results obtained with the adipose tissue were similar to those obtained in in vivo conditions. On the other hand, when somatostatin was administered in vivo, the ability to incorporate ortho[32P]phosphate into phospholipids was enhanced in both tissues. Likewise in the in vitro experiments with [14C]acetate, the somatostatin seems to act by decreasing the ortho[32 P]phosphate uptake in liver. While in adipose tissue the somatostatin only caused a strong increase in the specific activity of phosphatidylcholine. These data demonstrate in fasted mice that somatostatin is able to counteract the lipolytic manifestations of the fasted state.
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PMID:Evidence for a role of somatostatin in lipid metabolism of liver and adipose tissue. 614 94

The action of somatostatin (250 microgram i. v. + 125 microgram/30 min i. v.) on pancreatic secretion was studied in 8 volunteers and on biliary secretion as measured through a T-tube in 7 volunteers during background stimulation of secretin and pancreozymin (1 U/kg/h). Additional injection of somatostatin was accompanied by a significant (p less than 0,05) decrease in volume and in bicarbonate output for a short time and a significant (p less than 0,05) decrease in trypsin, amylase and lipase output for the studied period. There was no decrease in volume output and bicarbonate concentration as measured in the T-tube. The effect of somatostatin in abolishing the pancreozymin induced contraction of the gallbladder was documented by sonography. The temporary reduction of volume and bicarbonate output in the duodenal lumen could be considered as an inhibitory effect of somatostatin on gallbladder contraction and not as an effect on the exocrine pancreas.
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PMID:[Behavior of secretin-pancreozymin-stimulated pancreatic secretion, gallbladder contraction and choleresis after somatostatin administration]. 617 90

Intraduodenal (i.d.) application of bile or Na-taurodeoxycholate (TDC) dose dependently enhances basal exocrine pancreatic secretion. The hydrokinetic effect is mediated at least in part by secretin. This study should show, whether vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a partial agonist of secretin, may also be involved in the mediation of the hydrokinetic effect. Furthermore, plasma concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) were measured in order to check whether this counterregulating hormone is also released by bile and TDC. Twenty investigations were carried out on 10 fasting healthy volunteers provided with a double-lumen Dreiling tube. Bile and TDC were intraduodenally applied in doses of 2-6 g and 200-600 mg, respectively, at 65-min intervals. Plasma samples were withdrawn at defined intervals for radioimmunological determination of VIP and SLI. Duodenal juice was collected in 10-min fractions and analyzed for volume, pH, bicarbonate, lipase, trypsin, and amylase. I.d. application of bile or TDC dose dependently stimulated hydrokinetic and ecbolic pancreatic secretion. Bile exerted a slightly stronger effect than TDC. Pancreatic response was simultaneously accompanied by a significant increase of plasma VIP and SLI concentrations. The effect of bile on integrated plasma VIP and SLI concentrations seems to be dose dependent; the effect of TDC on integrated SLI, too. For the increase of integrated plasma VIP concentrations after TDC no dose-response relation could be established. We conclude that VIP may be a further mediator of bile-induced volume and bicarbonate secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of intraduodenal bile and taurodeoxycholate on exocrine pancreatic secretion and on plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin in man. 750 61

The prophylactic effect of perioperative use of somatostatin on postoperative increase of pancreatic enzymes was investigated in this double blind, randomized study. Thirty tree patients undergoing pancreatic surgery because of chronic pancreatitis or its complications were divided randomly into two groups. Fifteen patients received somatostatin (dose 125 micrograms/hour), 18 placebo-infusion pre-, and postoperatively for a total time of 48 hours. The level of serum amylase, lipase, gammaGT, calcium, creatinine and blood glucose was determined every 12 hours. In the placebo treated group the serum lipase and amylase increased significantly (p < 0.001), while the calcium decreased. In the somatostatin treated patients only the lipase level increased significantly (p < 0.01), while the amylase and calcium showed no significant changes compared to their initial values. The postoperative increase in serum enzyme levels is interpreted as being an indicator of pancreatic injury. These results suggest that the perioperative use of somatostatin has beneficial effect for the prevention of pancreatic enzymes increases and of pancreatic injuries, associated with pancreatic surgery in patients with chronic pancreatitis. The clinical experiences suggest that the asymptomatic increase in pancreatic amylase following abdominal surgery is the result of various types of injuries of the pancreas (1-3). Included in these injuries is the direct mechanical damage of the parenchyma and ducts but it can develop secondary, as a result of vascular lesion, ischaemia, oedema as well as mechanical injury to the Oddi sphincter of the sphincter's drug induced spasm (1, 2). The asymptomatic increase in serum amylase and lipase can thus be interpreted as being an indicator of surgical pancreatic injury (3).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Perioperative use of somatostatin in pancreatic surgery. 752 8

While pancreatic metaplasia has been observed in gastric mucosa of patients with chronic gastritis, it has not been described in ectopic gastric mucosa. We have identified focal clusters of cells resembling pancreatic acinar cells (CPACs) in 11 of 350 biopsies of Barrett's mucosa from 120 patients with Barrett's esophagus enrolled in a clinical efficacy trial of omeprazole versus ranitidine for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Three additional cases from our surgical files were also studied. Immunoreactivity for trypsin and chymotrypsin was present in the CPACs of all 14 cases, while stains for alpha-amylase and lipase were each positive in 12 of 13. A few cells in the CPACs were also positive for chomogranins (12 of 13 cases), serotonin (seven of 13 cases), somatostatin (three of 12), gastrin (four of 11), and pancreatic polypeptide (two of 13). No staining was seen for insulin or glucagon. Ultrastructural studies performed in one case showed features of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine (PP-type) cells in cells within CPACs. These results collectively indicate that the CPACs are aggregates of true pancreatic acinar cells admixed with a few endocrine cells. This pancreatic parenchyma in Barrett's mucosa is most likely of metaplastic origin and could be derived from the transitional zone cells or from pluripotent stem cells in the esophageal mucosa or from metaplasia of mucus cells. While the development of pancreatic metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus appears to be unrelated to drug therapy, the clinical relevance of this distinctive histological finding needs further investigation.
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PMID:Pancreatic metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus. An immunohistochemical study. 757 75


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