Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The response of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) to testmeal (5 ml/kg) and intraduodenal acid (4 mEq HCl/5min) and its reaction to somatostatin (3.5 microgram/kg/h following bolus injection of 3.5 microgram/kg) was studied in dogs with chronic duodenal and gastric fistulae. In addition the influence of atropin (0.5 mg/kg/h) on acid-induced PP response was examined. PP was measured by radioimmunoassay pancreatic secretion by determinating volume, bicarbonate, protein, and enzyme in duodenal contents and pancreatic juice. Plasma PP increased significantly following intraduodenal application of testmeal and hydrochloric acid. Its release was completely suppressed by SST. Furthermore, PP response to intraduodenal acid was blocked by atropin. Exocrine pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and protein was inhibited by somatostatin as well as atropin. Since PP was released following administration of testmeal and acid, both potent stimulators of pancreatotropic duodenal hormones, it may play an important role in the control of the entero-pancreatic axis. The effect of atropin indicates a cholinergic nervous component of PP release.
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PMID:The endogenous release of pancreatic polypeptide by acid and meal in dogs. Effect of somatostatin. 67 46

We employed a cyclic AMP-resistant subclone of UMR 106-01 osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells (UMR 4-7) with a regulated, dominant-negative mutation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PK-A), to examine the mechanism(s) whereby parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates growth of these cells. Expression of a transiently transfected CAT reporter gene controlled by the cAMP response element of the rat somatostatin gene ('SST-CAT') was used to monitor PK-A activation in intact cells. Agonist-stimulated SST-CAT expression was specific for agents known to activate adenylate cyclase, required an intact cAMP response element and was specifically blocked following induction of the mutant cAMP-resistant phenotype in UMR 4-7 cells. Inhibition of the proliferation of UMR 106-01 cells by PTH, which is mimicked by forskolin and 8-bromo-cAMP, was blocked completely in mutant cyclic AMP-resistant UMR 4-7 cells. We conclude that control of proliferation in UMR 106-01 cells by PTH involves the cAMP messenger system and requires activation of PK-A.
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PMID:Regulation of gene transcription and proliferation by parathyroid hormone is blocked in mutant osteoblastic cells resistant to cyclic AMP. 135 85

Immunohistochemistry on tissues of larval lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L., was used to determine the distribution of invariant somatostatin-14 (SST-14) and lamprey somatostatin-34 (SST-34) in the brain while antisera against porcine peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), human neuropeptide Y (NPY), anglerfish peptide YG (aPY), salmon glucagon-like peptide (GLP), SST-14, and SST-34 were used in studies of the pancreas and anterior intestine. In the brain, SST-14 is the major form of somatostatin. SST-14- and SST-34-immunoreactive nerve fibers are distributed throughout the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. In the latter region SST-14 immunoreactivity is concentrated in nerve tracts in the nucleus interpeduncularis. Nerve cells within the olfactory bulbs are immunoreactive only to anti-SST-34. Cells immunostained with anti-SST-14 were localized within the ependymal and subependymal layers of the pars ventralis hypothalami and the subependymal layers of the pars dorsalis thalami. SST-14-immunoreactive perikarya are also distributed within the tegmentum mesencephali. Nerve fibers and cells immunoreactive to anti-SST-34 are detected in the pars ventralis hypothalami but these cells do not colocalize SST-14. Pancreatic islets, distributed within the epithelium and in the submucosal connective tissue at the esophageal-intestinal junction, are only immunoreactive to anti-insulin. The antisera revealed three distinct cell types in the intestinal epithelium: type 1 colocalizes aPY, NPY, and PYY; type 2 colocalizes SST-14 and SST-34; and type 3 demonstrates immunoreactivity only to anti-SST-34. Immunoreactivity to anti-GLP is absent.
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PMID:Distribution of two forms of somatostatin and peptides belonging to the pancreatic polypeptide family in tissues of larval lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L.: an immunohistochemical study. 167 24

An immunofluorescence double-staining method colocalized somatostatin 14 (SST 14)- and somatostatin 25 (SST 25)-like immunoreactivities in endocrine cells located in the depth of gastric folds and upper part of the stomach glands of Sparus aurata (gilthead sea bream). An immunogold method identified somatostatin-like peptides in the secretory granules of the previously described Type IV endocrine cells. Appropriate preabsorption controls demonstrated two different granule populations with somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. SST 14-like peptides seemed to be located in the most commonly found granules, which showed a fibrillar content, whereas SST 25-like peptides were identified in more scarce and denser granules.
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PMID:Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration of the coexistence of somatostatin 14- and somatostatin 25-like peptides in endocrine cells of the stomach of Sparus aurata (Teleost). 168 19

Two types of somatostatin (SST 14)-immunoreactive cells are identified by immunogold staining in the Lowicryl-embedded principal islet of Sparus auratus: D1 cells, having large moderate to low electron dense granules, located between A cells in the islet periphery and D2 cells, containing smaller electron-dense granules, present between B cells in the central region of the islet. Although SST 28-like immunoreactivity was not observed in D cells of S. auratus, the presence of SST 14 and a SST 22-,25-, or 28-like sequence in D2 and D1 cells, respectively, is discussed. A third SST 14-immunoreactive cell, found in the islet periphery, showed immunoreactive D1- and unreactive A-like granules. This cell type, which has a pyknotic-like nucleus and a dark appearance in osmicated Epon-embedded tissue, is supposed to be the product of fusion of D1 and A cells.
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PMID:Identification of two somatostatin-immunoreactive cell types in the principal islet of Sparus auratus L. (Teleostei) by immunogold staining. 196 40

Rats were tested for passive avoidance behavior in a one-trial step-through learning paradigm. After the learning trial, the animals underwent neofrontal decortication or sham operation. On the 8th day after operation, the lesioned or sham-operated rats received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of somatostatin (SST; 4 micrograms/2 microliters) or somatostatin antiserum (SST-AB; 2 microliters) 1 hr before the retention test. Decortication alone decreased the latency in comparison to that in the sham-operated group, and ICV treatment did not influence this impairment. After treatment with SST-AB the latency decreased, indicating that endogenous SST may play a role in the maintenance of normal memory processes.
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PMID:The effects of somatostatin and somatostatin antiserum on the retention of passive avoidance behavior after neofrontal decortication in rats. 197 99

We have measured somatostatin-like immunoreactivity SLI in cerebroventricular fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and other extrapyramidal disorders with hyperkinesia. Patients with PD showed a significantly lower concentration of SLI when compared with levels in control patients with chronic stable multiple sclerosis or temporal lobe epilepsy. Less markedly decreased levels of SLI were also noted in patients with torsion dystonia. Of two patients with Huntington's disease one showed a high and one a medium concentration of SLI. According to the site of the stereotactic cannula, verified by ventriculopathy, SLI concentrations in CSF specimen obtained from the foramen Monro tended to be higher than in specimen from a supraforaminal level. Of 5 other patients with lateral and third ventricle being accessible during the passage of the stereotactic cannula, 4 showed higher SLI concentrations in the third ventricle compared to the lateral ventricle. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis combined with radioimmunoassay showed molecular heterogeneity of SLI in CSF. The ratio of SST-14 to SST-28 was higher in the third ventricle than in the lateral ventricle.
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PMID:Ventricular fluid neuropeptides in Parkinson's disease. I. Levels and distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. 197 61

Unlike in mouse and hamster, the thymus of rats or guinea pigs contains measurable amounts of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI), which, in a HPLC system, eluted as authentic SP or SP sulfoxide. Ontogenetic study showed that in rats the SP-LI content of the thymus increased up to 60 days from birth, and decreased thereafter. Capsaicin, but not 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) pretreatment completely depleted thymic SP-LI content in both newborn and adult rats. Animals treated with capsaicin as newborns, but not as adults, showed lower thymus weights as compared to controls. Rats pretreated with capsaicin as adults underwent partial time-dependent recovery of thymic SP-LI content. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SST-LI) of rat thymus, eluting in part as authentic SST, was unaffected both by capsaicin or 6-OHDA pretreatment. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the existence of capsaicin-sensitive structures containing SP in the rat thymus. The possible function(s) that capsaicin-sensitive structures could exert in the thymus, among which a trophic action, mediated by the efferent function of sensory neurons, remain(s) to be established.
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PMID:Substance P-like immunoreactivity in capsaicin-sensitive structures of the rat thymus. 244 6

Anatomic alterations of the pancreas result in physiologic alterations that have not been completely analyzed. Insulin plays a major role in carbohydrate metabolism; nevertheless, as much as 50% of a hyperglycemic load may be metabolized independent of insulin. We analyzed the effects of surgical alterations of the pancreas on postoperative glucose metabolism, including insulin-independent effects. Mongrel female dogs underwent one of three procedures: proximal partial pancreatectomy (PPx), PPx plus diversion of pancreatic venous effluent to the systemic circulation (SC), or PPx plus segmental pancreatic autotransplantation (PAT). Intravenous glucose tolerance tests, with or without a background infusion of somatostatin (SST; 400 ng/kg/min) were performed on all animals preoperatively and postoperatively. SST completely suppressed secretion of assayable peripheral insulin. The rate of glucose disposal during SST suppression approximates the rate of insulin-independent glucose disposal (IIGD). Although there was a significant decrease in the rate of glucose disposal during SST infusion when compared with the rate without SST, no differences in IIGD were found between postoperative groups. IIGD was calculated at 50% to 55% for control, PPx, and SC groups and at 67% for PAT. Peripheral sensitivity to an exogenous insulin infusion (euglycemic clamp) was unchanged by any of the procedures. We conclude that surgical alteration of the pancreas, including pancreas transplantation, results in altered glucose handling in the face of "normal" peripheral levels of insulin. Changes in IIGD and analysis of peripheral sensitivity to insulin do not explain these alterations completely.
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PMID:Insulin-dependent and insulin-independent effects after surgical alterations of the pancreas. 266 63

The aim of this study was to identify the somatostatin (SST-14) dose dissolved in 0.1% human albumin solution equivalent to the commonly used therapeutic dose (3.5 micrograms kg-1 h-1) dissolved in saline in inhibiting pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in healthy volunteers. Gastric acid secretion was stimulated for 3.5 h by intravenous pentagastrin (3 micrograms kg-1 h-1). 0.875 or 1.75 micrograms kg-1 h-1 SST-14 dissolved in 0.1% albumin was significantly (p less than 0.05) less effective in inhibiting stimulated gastric acid secretion than the standard therapeutic dose. There was no difference achieved in the degree of inhibition with albumin added or not to the 3.5 micrograms kg-1 h-1 dose of SST-14. However, an intermediate dose (2.625 micrograms kg-1 h-1) of SST-14, whether dissolved in albumin or saline alone, was as effective as the standard therapeutic SST-14 dose. We conclude that at these high does the absorption of a small quantity of SST-14 to glass and plastic surfaces of the infusion sets has no influence on the therapeutic effect.
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PMID:The effect of adding albumin to solutions of somatostatin (SST-14) on inhibiting pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in man. 286 53


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