Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Regulation of preprosomatostatin mRNA and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA were examined in sympathetic neurons of the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Surgical denervation of the adult SCG increased ganglion levels of preprosomatostatin (SS) mRNA more than 11-fold, and levels of the mRNA remained elevated 14 days after surgery. By contrast, denervation decreased levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA. Potassium- or veratridine-induced membrane depolarization of cultured neonatal sympathetic neurons decreased levels of SS mRNA but elevated levels of TH mRNA. Sodium channel blockade with tetrodotoxin prevented the effects of veratridine on SS and TH mRNAs. In toto these observations suggest that transsynaptic nerve impulse activity and sympathetic neuron membrane depolarization decrease SS synthesis but increase TH synthesis at the mRNA level. Thus nerve impulse activity may alter the relative levels of different transmitters co-expressed in the same neuronal population by inhibiting levels of some species of mRNA while simultaneously stimulating levels of others.
 ...
PMID:Differences in the effects of membrane depolarization on levels of preprosomatostatin mRNA and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in rat sympathetic neurons in vivo and in culture. 256 23

Retrograde-tracing and immunohistochemical techniques were used in combination to investigate the types of putative transmitters in pelvic neurons that project to the bladder, colon or penis of rats. In addition, populations of axon varicosities associated with these neurons were characterized. Subpopulations of neurons in colchicine-treated major pelvic ganglia and accessory ganglia of male rats contained immunoreactivity (IR) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), or enkephalin (ENK), while types of immunoreactivity found in major groups of varicose axons were ENK, cholecystokinin (CCK), and somatostatin (SOM). Substance P (SP)-IR varicose axons were much less common. Bladder and colon neurons were similar in a number of ways. Many neurons contained NPY-IR (greater than or equal to 50%), fewer contained TH-IR (25-30%), and even fewer contained ENK-IR (5-15%) or VIP-IR (5-10%); many neurons were associated with baskets of ENK-IR varicosities (50-65%) and fewer neurons were surrounded by CCK- or SOM-IR varicosities (30-35%). Colon neurons differed from penis neurons in having a slightly larger proportion that contained ENK-IR (10-15%, compared with 1-3%). Penis neurons were markedly different from the other two groups in additional ways. More than 90% of them contained VIP-IR, whereas only 5-7% contained NPY-IR and none were immunoreactive for TH. Furthermore, although the proportion of penile neurons associated with many ENK-IR varicosities was similar to the bladder and colon neurons (45-50%), they were rarely seen close to CCK- or SOM-IR varicose axons. These studies describe similarities and differences in the histochemical properties of neurons which project to the bladder, colon, or penis and of the varicose axons associated with those neurons. This gives further insights into the possible transmitter mechanisms involved in the regulation of different pelvic functions.
 ...
PMID:Immunohistochemical characterization of pelvic neurons which project to the bladder, colon, or penis in rats. 257 23

A double-labeling immunofluorescence colocalization technique was used to examine the extent of coexistence of somatostatin (SOM)-like immunoreactivity with neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein (D-CaBP)-like immunoreactivities in neurons of the rat main olfactory bulb. SOM-like immunoreactivity (SOM-I) was distributed within restricted populations of periglomerular neurons and deep short-axon cells, and rarely within superficial short-axon cells at the glomerular layer/external plexiform layer (GL/EPL) border region. Double-labeling analysis revealed that all of the SOM-I deep and superficial short-axon cells also contained NPY-I. Colocalization of SOM-I and TH-I or of SOM-I and D-CaBP-I was infrequently observed within periglomerular neurons. The rare SOM-I short-axon cells at the GL/EPL border always exhibited D-CaBP-I. These results demonstrate virtual complete coexistence of SOM and NPY in short-axon neurons of the main olfactory bulb. With a few exceptions, however, bulbar SOM neurons appear to constitute subclasses of periglomerular cells immunohistochemically distinct from those containing TH or D-CaBP.
 ...
PMID:Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in rat main olfactory bulb: extent of coexistence with neuropeptide Y-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein-like immunoreactivities. 257 95

Recent studies have indicated that peptidergic inputs to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are more developed in man than in rodents. To facilitate interspecies comparisons, the definition of the chemoanatomical subdivisions of the human bed nucleus of the stria terminalis was attempted. The immunocytochemistry of synenkephalin, [Met]enkephalin, somatostatin, and tyrosine hydroxylase was analysed on four verticofrontal levels in five control subjects. Four principal sectors were identified in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: (1) lateral, displaying an irregular patchy terminal innervation overlapping for the four markers studied; (2) central, characterized by a high density of somatostatin neurons, by pericellular basket-like formations for all markers, and by a shell of dense somatostatin innervation; (3) medial, characterized by a less dense aminergic and peptidergic innervation; and (4) lateroventral, where peptidergic (somatostatin and enkephalin) peridendritic plexuses were prominent. Double-labeling analyses showed that the somatostatin, enkephalin and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive terminals rarely converged on the same soma or dendrite even in areas where they appeared closely interdigitated. The differences and similarities of these sectors with those defined in the rat are discussed; a marked development of the lateral and ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is emphasized in man. Islands with dense peptidergic innervation, similar to the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, extended into the sublenticular substantia innominata (intercalated between the ventral pallidum and the basal magnocellular nucleus). This supports the existence of an extended amygdaloid complex from the amygdala to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the human brain, as has been proposed in the rat. In relation to the literature, the present findings suggest the increasing importance of the central and lateral amygdaloid-bed nucleus of the stria terminals components and of their cortical connections in man while the medial amygdala-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis nuclei, which are preferentially connected to the olfactory system, appear less developed.
 ...
PMID:Chemoanatomic compartments in the human bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. 257 58

Tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, is subject to regulation by the cAMP as well as the calcium and cGMP second messenger systems. Treatment of intact rat PC12 cells with neuropeptides including secretin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) stimulated tyrosine hydroxylase activity 2 to 3-fold in vitro. Secretin (EC50 = 10 nM) was about 3 orders of magnitude more potent than VIP (EC50 = 3 microM). A combination of several protease inhibitors failed to enhance the potency of either peptide. Other members of the secretin family including glucagon and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) stimulated tyrosine hydroxylase activity to a lesser extent. Somatostatin, which is not homologous to secretin, was ineffective. The maximal response of tyrosine hydroxylase activation to 1 microM secretin occurred within 6-15 sec. Secretin, VIP, and forskolin also enhanced tyrosine hydroxylase activity (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine production) in intact cells, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. Secretin, VIP, PHI, and glucagon increased the levels of cAMP in PC12 cells more than 10-fold, as determined by radioimmunoassay. We also demonstrated that cAMP is released from the cells into the incubation medium following secretin treatment. Secretin and VIP treatment also enhanced the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in a concentration-dependent fashion, as measured subsequently in vitro. Based on the greater potency of secretin in comparison with VIP, PHI, and glucagon, we suggest that the PC12 cells contain a secretin-preferring receptor that increases cAMP levels and brings about an activation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity through the stimulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
 ...
PMID:Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in rat PC12 cells by neuropeptides of the secretin family. 257 21

The effects of chronic nerve growth factor administration on the development of neuropeptides in the embryonic chick peripheral nervous system were quantitated by radioimmunoassays. Starting at embryonic Day 3.5, daily doses of 20 micrograms of nerve growth factor (NGF) increased the substance P content of lumbosacral spinal sensory ganglia at all ages studied (Days 10-14), while having no effect on substance P levels of thoracic sensory ganglia. In contrast, the contents of somatostatin were increased in both thoracic and lumbosacral ganglia, but only at comparatively late time points (Day 14). Nerve growth factor administration was also found to decrease the somatostatin contents of lumbosacral paravertebral sympathetic ganglia at early time points (Day 8) while increasing levels at later stages (Day 14), thus acting to accelerate the normally occurring developmental changes in level of this peptide. These changes were shown to be specific for somatostatin by demonstrating that NGF increased tyrosine hydroxylase levels in sympathetic neurons at Day 8, and had no effect on sympathetic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide levels at Day 14. It has been concluded that exogenous NGF does not simply act to increase or prolong the expression of neuron-specific phenotypes in the chick, but rather its action is time and location dependent to accelerate development.
 ...
PMID:Nerve growth factor changes the relative levels of neuropeptides in developing sensory and sympathetic ganglia of the chick embryo. 257 2

The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of male albino rats was analyzed for the presence of glucocorticoid receptor-like immunoreactivity (GR-LI) in neuropeptide containing neurons. Using immunohistochemistry, coronal sections trough the entire PVN were double-stained with a mouse monoclonal antibody against GR and one of the following antisera: rabbit antiserum to corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), neurotensin (NT), enkephalin (ENK), cholecystokinin (CCK), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), galanin (GAL), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). For comparison the occurrence of GR-LI in NT-, SOM-, NPY- or TH-positive neurons of the arcuate nucleus was also studied. Our results indicate that GR-LI is present in the parvocellular part of the PVN but not in its magnocellular portion. Virtually every parvocellular neuron in the PVN containing one of the above mentioned peptides was also positive for GR, with the exception of SOM neurons, of which only about two thirds showed detectable levels of GR-LI. All TH-positive, presumably dopamine neurons in the PVN were GR-positive. In the arcuate nucleus all TH- and NPY-positive neurons as well as a large proportion of the SOM- and NT-immunoreactive neurons contained GR-LI. The results indicate that in the PVN, in addition to the CRF neurons, certain peptidergic neurons in the parvocellular part of the PVN, without any established role in the control of ACTH synthesis and release, may also be under glucocorticoid control. This seems to be the case also for most arcuate neurons.
 ...
PMID:Coexistence of glucocorticoid receptor-like immunoreactivity with neuropeptides in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. 259 16

Using 19 antisera raised against neuropeptides, amines or enzymes of amine biosynthesis, an immunohistochemical characterization of the sheep suprachiasmatic nucleus was performed. The most distinguishing characteristic of the sheep suprachiasmatic nucleus was the low density of serotonin- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibres; their concentration was similar to that in surrounding areas. This is different from observations in rodents but similar to those in primates. Moreover, the sheep suprachiasmatic nucleus is also characterized by a dense plexus of methionine-enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres. This has not been observed in other species. As in other species, such as rodents, the sheep suprachiasmatic nucleus contains numerous neurophysin-immunoreactive neurons and a few tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons. After colchicine pretreatment, many intensely stained vasoactive intestinal peptide-, vasopressin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive perikarya appeared, and more neurophysin-immunoreactive cell bodies were observed. Thus, although similarities exist among species, there are distinct differences in the neuro-chemical organization of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the sheep and other species.
 ...
PMID:Immunohistochemical characterization of the sheep suprachiasmatic nucleus. 259 60

Nerves containing peptides that supply the human intrapulmonary vasculature were studied in 21 controls aged one month to 24 years and in 13 patients with pulmonary hypertension aged 11 days to eight years. An indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to study the distribution and relative density of nerve fibres containing the general neuronal marker, protein gene product 9.5; tyrosine hydroxylase; synaptophysin; neuropeptide tyrosine; vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; substance P, somatostatin; and calcitonin gene related peptide. At all ages in normal and hypertensive lungs neuropeptide tyrosine was the predominant neuropeptide associated with the pulmonary vascular nerves. In normal lungs the relative density of nerve fibres increased during childhood only in the arteries of the respiratory unit. Pulmonary hypertension was associated with the premature innervation of these arteries during the first year of life. Innervation of small, abnormally thick-walled pre-capillary vessels by predominantly vasoconstrictor nerves may help to explain the susceptibility of infants to pulmonary hypertensive crises.
 ...
PMID:A study of nerves containing peptides in the pulmonary vasculature of healthy infants and children and of those with pulmonary hypertension. 268 36

Grafts of fetal striatum were implanted in the form of a cell suspension into the brains of rats with prior ibotenic acid lesions of the caudate-putamen. The grafts were placed in three different sites: the lesioned caudate-putamen, or the denervated (but otherwise undamaged) globus pallidus and substantia nigra. After 3-6 months survival the grafts were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry and receptor autoradiography in combination with routine histology and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. The grafts placed within the lesioned caudate-putamen were at least 10-fold larger larger than those placed in the substantia nigra region, with the grafts placed in the globus pallidus being of intermediate size. In all locations the acetylcholinesterase staining had an uneven, patchy distribution, which was most pronounced in the grafts located within the caudate-putamen. These patches did not bear any obvious relationship to variations in density of the neuronal perikarya within the grafted tissue. Many of the neuropeptide-immunoreactive neuron types present in the normal striatum, such as those containing substance P, [Met]enkephalin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin and neuropeptide Y were also detected in the grafted striatum along with acetylcholinesterase-positive staining. Acetylcholinesterase-positive, [Met]enkephalin-positive, substance P-positive and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive markers all showed uneven, patchy distributions in the grafts. This was also the case for the distribution of dopamine D2 and opiate receptors (as revealed by [3H]spiroperidol and [3H]diprenorphine autoradiography, respectively), whereas muscarinic receptor binding was even throughout the grafts. As is the case in the so-called striosomal patches (neurochemically defined compartments) in the immature intact striatum during the early postnatal period, patches of high acetylcholinesterase staining in the grafts showed partial correspondence with patches of high [Met]enkephalin fibre staining, and dopamine receptor density, and (although to a lesser degree) also with patches of high opiate receptor density and high substance P-immunoreactivity. This correspondence of patches also occurred between tyrosine hydroxylase fibre staining and acetylcholinesterase staining as revealed by grafts placed into the substantia nigra. These results suggest that the fetal striatal cell suspension grafts will give rise to a fairly normal range of striatal neuron and receptor types and that they develop at least some of the striosomal features characteristic for the normal striatum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Neural grafting in a rat model of Huntington's disease: striosomal-like organization of striatal grafts as revealed by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, immunocytochemistry and receptor autoradiography. 282 74


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>