Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From 1980 to 1987, 35 patients underwent exploratory surgery for carcinomas of the extrahepatic biliary tract (EBT). Samples from 28 of these tumors (15 gallbladder, 13 bile duct) were assessed by immunohistochemical analysis for exocrine and/or neuroendocrine differentiation. Seven patients were excluded from the study because of insufficient available specimen or loss to follow-up. Paraffin sections were immunostained for neuroendocrine differentiation markers: neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin-A, synaptophysin, serotonin, somatostatin, substance-P, and glucagon. Additional sections were also stained with monoclonal antibody A-80 that recognizes a glycoprotein related to exocrine differentiation. The tumors were reclassified on the basis of immunophenotyping data: (I) pure exocrine carcinoma (n = 8); (II) predominantly exocrine carcinoma with occasional neuroendocrine cells (n = 9); (III) mixed exocrine-neuroendocrine carcinoma (n = 4); (IV) pure neuroendocrine (n = 2); and (V) predominantly neuroendocrine with occasional exocrine cells (n = 5). Survival time among the two pure neuroendocrine (group IV) and five predominantly neuroendocrine carcinomas (group V) was significantly less than the survival time of patients from the other groups (2.6 +/- 2.2 months vs 13.5 +/- 12.3 months; p = 0.015). No difference was noted between groups in extent of disease, treatment rendered, or location of tumor (bile duct vs gallbladder). This study indicates that (1) the incidence of neuroendocrine differentiation in cancers of the EBT is higher than generally recognized, (2) carcinomas of the EBT may be phenotypically reclassified on the basis of immunohistochemical analysis, and (3) the presence of pure or predominant neuroendocrine differentiation in carcinomas of the EBT is associated with shorter survival time than carcinomas with pure or predominant exocrine differentiation (or mixed exocrine and neuroendocrine factors).
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PMID:Neuroendocrine differentiation and prognosis of extrahepatic biliary tract carcinomas. 171 46

The diagnosis of "poorly differentiated" carcinoma was made in 47 of 683 colon cancers on the basis of conventional light microscopy which showed poorly defined glands, solid architecture or variable admixtures thereof. Samples from 44 of these 47 tumors were assessed by immunohistochemical analysis for the presence of neuroendocrine (NE) antigens. Paraffin sections were immunostained with antibodies to NSE, chromogranin, serotonin, VIP, substance P and somatostatin. Additional sections were also stained with monoclonal antibody (Mab) A-80 that recognizes a glycoprotein related to exocrine (EX) differentiation. Based on our findings, the tumors were phenotypically reclassified as follows: I) pure EX (n = 8), II) pure NE (n = 4), III) mixed EX-NE carcinomas (n = 23), and IV) predominantly EX carcinomas with occasional NE cells (n = 9). Survival among groups II and III appeared to be less than group I and survival in group IV was significantly less than group I. Survival among the four pure NE (group II) and 11 predominantly NE mixed carcinomas (group III) taken together was significantly less than the pure EX carcinomas. This study indicates: 1) The incidence of NE differentiation in tumors of the colon and rectum is higher than previously believed. 2) The poorly differentiated colon carcinomas comprise four distinct groups: pure EX, pure NE, mixed EX-NE carcinomas, and predominantly EX carcinomas with a NE cell subpopulation. 3) The presence of NE differentiation or of a NE cell subpopulation in colon carcinoma appears to be associated with a poorer prognosis.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine differentiation in "poorly differentiated" colon carcinomas. 236 84

Paraffin-embedded sections of 99 human adrenal and extraadrenal paragangliomas were analyzed by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique for the presence of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and 10 neuropeptides. Each showed diffuse staining for NSE. Most tumors were positive for [Leu5]-enkephalin (76 per cent), [Met5]-enkephalin (75 per cent), somatostatin (67 per cent), and pancreatic polypeptide (51 per cent), followed by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) (43 per cent), substance P (31 per cent), ACTH (28 per cent), calcitonin (23 per cent), bombesin (15 per cent), and neurotensin (12 per cent). The neuropeptides paralleled to a large extent those normally found in the sympathetic nervous system. Clinically malignant paragangliomas (n = 25) with proven regional or distant metastases expressed considerably fewer neuropeptides, although the spectrum of those seen remained similar. Malignant paragangliomas contained an average of two neuropeptides per tumor, in contrast to five for the benign tumors (P less than 0.05). Logistic regression analysis of staining results revealed that the paucity of enkephalins, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, and VIP along with the patient's sex was predictive of clinical malignancy. Our results show a definite relationship between expression of neuropeptides and the biologic behavior of these paragangliomas.
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PMID:Decreased expression of neuropeptides in malignant paragangliomas: an immunohistochemical study. 244 10

Eighty colon carcinomas reflecting the histologic spectrum were studied immunohistochemically; their epithelial characteristics had been established by demonstrating cytokeratin polypeptides. Paraffin sections were immunostained with monoclonal antibody (Mab) A-80 that recognizes a mucin-like glycoprotein related to exocrine differentiation. Sequential sections were immunostained with neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation antibodies: NSE, human chromogranin A, serotonin, somatostatin, substance P and VIP. Twenty-one/80 carcinomas immunoreacted exclusively with Mab A-80; these included adenocarcinomas with variably defined glands, colloid, "solid", and linitits plastica carcinomas. Eleven/80 carcinomas immunoreacted only with antibodies to NE markers. Twenty-nine/80 carcinomas of histologically variable patterns expressed both exocrine and NE antigens. A notable group of 19 adenocarcinomas immunostaining with Mab A-870 included a minority NE cell subpopulation. We tentatively conclude that given a limited battery of immunoprobes, colon carcinomas comprise 4 groups: 1) pure exocrine carcinomas, 2) pure NE carcinomas, 3) mixed exocrine and NE carcinomas, and 4) exocrine carcinomas with occasional NE cells. Thus, phenotypically mixed exocrine and NE carcinomas comprise the largest group while the second largest group exhibited exclusively features of exocrine phenotype. Preliminary clinical correlative data indicate that pure NE colon carcinomas behave more aggressively than their exocrine counterparts; moreover, colon carcinomas containing a NE subpopulation, even if small, also seem to behave worse than their counterparts without an NE subpopulation.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical analysis of colon carcinomas applying exocrine and neuroendocrine markers. 246 47

Paraffin-embedded specimens from a total of 94 small-cell carcinomas of the lung (SCCL) were screened for immunoreactivity to nine different peptide hormones (ACTH, calcitonin, gastrin, glucagon, growth hormone, human chorion gonadotropin, insulin, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIP) using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique with commercially available kits. Special attention was focused on the prognostic significance of the peptide immunoreactivity. A total of 32 carcinomas (34%) showed immunoreactivity to one or more peptide hormones, the cases with ACTH reactivity (24.5%) far outnumbering those with reactivity to calcitonin (1.1%), somatostatin (1.1%), VIP (3.3%) or multiple peptides (4.3%). The mean survival of the patients was 8.4 months, being shorter (7.3 months) for the SCCLs with peptide reactivity than for the nonreactive carcinomas (9.2 months). The most favorable survival was found in VIP-reactive tumors (20.5 months), and the worst (2.0 months) in cases reactive to multiple peptides. The results suggest that immunohistochemical screening of the SCCL biopsies for the peptide hormones might be of benefit in predicting the clinical outcome of the disease.
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PMID:Peptide hormone immunoreactivity and prognosis in small-cell carcinoma of the lung. 286 57

Paraffin sections of cervical and upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia of the cat were investigated by immunohistochemistry using antisera directed against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The relationships of CGRP-immunoreactive structures to those exhibiting immunoreactivity to antisera against other regulatory peptides and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), respectively, were studied in consecutive sections. Singly scattered CGRP-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were observed in the superior and middle cervical ganglia as well as in the stellate ganglion. These neurons also displayed immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and some additionally exhibited faint substance-P immunoreactivity. DBH- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive ganglion cells were not identical with CGRP-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies. According to the immunoreactive properties of varicosities, which abut on CGRP/VIP-immunoreactive perikarya, three types of CGRP/VIP-immunoreactive ganglion cells could be distinguished: (1) CGRP/VIP-immunoreactive neurons being surrounded by somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibers, (2) neurons being approached by both DBH- and met-enkephalin-immunoreactive varicosities, and (3) neurons receiving both DBH- and neurotensin-immunoreactive fibers. The stellate and upper thoracic ganglia harbored clusters of intensely VIP-immunoreactive somata, which lacked CGRP-immunoreactivity. Fine somatostatin-immunoreactive and coarse CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were distributed within these clusters, whereas patches of neurotensin-immunoreactive fibers were complementarily arranged. At all segmental levels investigated, a few postganglionic neurons were approached by both CGRP-immunoreactive and substance P-immunoreactive varicosities, but lacked a VIP-immunoreactive innervation. Therefore, CGRP/substance P-immunoreactive fiber baskets appeared rather to be of extraganglionic origin than to emerge from intraganglionic CGRP/VIP/SP neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Neuropeptide distribution in the cervico-thoracic paravertebral ganglia of the cat with particular reference to calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity. 289 95

A morphologic, histochemical, and immunocytochemical study of 20 cases of pure gastrointestinal carcinoids, adenocarcinomas, and mixed neoplasms composed of both elements, so-called composite carcinoma-carcinoid tumors (CCC), was undertaken in order to correlate the morphologic patterns with the immunocytochemical localization of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), serotonin, and a battery of polypeptide hormones (calcitonin, glucagon, insulin, gastrin, somatostatin, and adrenocorticotropin [ACTH]). Paraffin sections from five pure carcinoids, seven pure adenocarcinomas, and eight CCC from the stomach, small bowel, appendix, and colon were studied with mucicarmine, silver impregnation stains, and a peroxidase-anti-peroxidase technic. Of the eight CCC, all were mucin positive, four were argyrophilic, and three were argentaffin positive. CEA was present in all eight, serotonin in seven, and calcitonin in one. No other neurohormonal peptides were demonstrated. The distribution of serotonin and CEA generally corresponded to the morphologic pattern, but discordance was observed in two cases, i.e., serotonin was not always localized to areas of carcinoid and CEA not always confined to areas of carcinoma. All five pure carcinoids demonstrated intracytoplasmic localization of serotonin, whereas none contained intracytoplasmic CEA. In two cases, CEA was present within acinar lumens only. The seven colonic adenocarcinomas were argyrophil and argentaffin negative. All contained CEA within the cytoplasm and in gland lumens. None contained serotonin. None of the neurohormonal peptides was localized in either pure adenocarcinomas or carcinoids. This study reveals that among gastrointestinal neoplasms displaying morphologic patterns of adenocarcinoma and carcinoid, immunocytochemical localization of CEA and serotonin confirms their bidirectional differentiation and justifies the designation "composite carcinoma-carcinoid."
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PMID:Composite carcinoma-carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. A morphologic, histochemical, and immunocytochemical study. 389 86

In this study we investigated the neurochemical identity of the arcuate cells activated following GH-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) injection by comparing, on consecutive sections, the distribution c-fos messenger RNA (mRNA) with that of mRNAs for peptides synthesized in arcuate cells, including neuropeptide Y (NPY), GH-releasing factor (GRF), tyrosine hydroxylase, POMC, and somatostatin. Rats bearing chronically implanted jugular catheters were injected with either 50 micrograms GHRP-6 or vehicle. Thirty minutes later they were terminally anesthetized and perfused with fixative. Paraffin-embedded sections of 7 microns thickness were processed using in situ hybridization for either c-fos mRNA or mRNAs for the neurochemical markers. In GHRP-6-treated rats the mean (+/-SEM) number of cells expressing c-fos mRNA in the arcuate nucleus (23 +/- 2 cells/section per rat; n = 5) was significantly higher than for vehicle-treated controls (2 +/- 1 cells/section per rat; n = 5; P < 0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). Superimposed camera lucida maps indicated that, in GHRP-6-injected rats, neurochemically identifiable cells expressing c-fos mRNA also express NPY mRNA (51 +/- 4%), GRF mRNA (23 +/- 1%) tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA (11 +/- 3%), POMC mRNA (11 +/- 2%), or somatostatin mRNA (4 +/- 1%). Thus, the majority of cells expressing c-fos mRNA following GHRP-6 injection are NPY and GRF-containing cells.
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PMID:Induction of c-fos messenger ribonucleic acid in neuropeptide Y and growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus following systemic injection of the GH secretagogue, GH-releasing peptide-6. 900 14

The complete thyroid and parathyroid gland removal leads to the abrupt reduction of calcitonin, which can be a factor stimulating growth and intensified activity of APUD system cells in the respiratory tract. Thus, neuroendocrine cells in the lungs and trachea in rats after thyroid and parathyroid removal were evaluated. Paraffin specimens of the examined organs were stained with H+E and impregnated with silver. Calcitonin, synaptophysin, somatostatin, and neuronal-specific enolase were detected immunohistochemically by the use of rabbit specific antibodies. Antibodies used in the study immunostained neuroendocrine cells of the examined organs. Rats with removed thyroid and parathyroid glands presented weakened reaction compared to the control group.
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PMID:Preliminary evaluation of endocrine cells in the rat respiratory tract after thyroid and parathyroid gland removal. 1137 21

Numerous water-electrolyte and hormonal disturbances, including secondary hyperparathyroidism, occur in the course of chronic renal failure. It is assumed that chronic renal failure should affect the activity of C cells in the thyroid gland. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate immunohistochemically thyroid C cells in rats with experimental uremia. 30 days after nephrectomy, thyroid fragments were collected from experimental rats. Paraffin embedded sections were stained with H+E and by silver impregnation. Calcitonin (CT), synaptophysin (SY), somatostatin (ST), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were detected immunohistochemically in the C cells. A very distinct increase in C cell number in the thyroid and the weakening of majority of examined reactions were observed in rats with experimental uremia.
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PMID:Preliminary evaluation of thyroid C cells in rats with chronic renal failure. 1137 26


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