Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

By using the Coons indirect immunofluorescence technique, enkephalin-like immunoreactivity with a granular localization was observed in human adrenal medullary gland cells and pheochromocytomas. In two of the tumors and in a few adrenal gland cells, a somatostatin-like peptide could also be identified. Catecholamine cell types were visualized on adjacent sections with antisera to the synthesizing enzymes dopamine-beta-hydroxylase [DBH; dopamine beta-monooxygenase; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, ascorbate: oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.17.1] and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT; noradrenalin N-methyltransferase; S-adenosyl-L-methionine:phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.28). In the normal adrenal medulla more DBH- than PNMT-immunoreactive gland cells were observed. In the adrenal pheochromocytoma both DBH- and PNMT-positive cells were seen, whereas the two extra-adrenal tumors contained only DBH. These findings correlated well with plasma catecholamine measurements. Finally, enkephalin immunoreactive fibers and somatostatin immunoreactive cells were observed in a sympathetic ganglion extirpated together with one of the tumors.
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PMID:Enkephalin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in human adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma. 38 55

Glycine-extended intermediates of peptide processing serve as substrates for carboxyl-terminal amidation, hence activation, of many brain-gut peptides. To explore the dynamics of accumulation and secretion of these important intermediates we utilized primary cultures of canine antral mucosal G-cells as a model system. Glycine-extended progastrin processing intermediates (G-Gly) accumulated rapidly in G-cells cultured in ascorbate-deficient media, exhibiting a fourfold increase over a 51-h culture period, while gastrin content fell to less than half of the initial level. In contrast, G-cells cultured in ascorbate-supplemented media accumulated G-Gly at a relatively low rate, while gastrin was preserved at a higher level. Under either condition, G-Gly and gastrin were progressively released into the culture media. The release of both immunoreactivities could be stimulated by bombesin and inhibited by somatostatin in similar fashion. By electron microscopy, the cultured G-cells exhibited no ultrastructural alterations. These data suggest that 1) the cellular homeostasis of G-Gly is regulated by the activity of an ascorbate-dependent amidation enzyme similar to one previously described in pituitary tissues, 2) carboxyl-terminal amidation is not an obligatory step for secretion of gastrin, and 3) the proportions of gastrin and G-Gly cosecreted from G-cells reflect their proportional accumulation within G-cell secretory granules. The physiological relevance of the released G-Gly has yet to be determined.
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PMID:Glycine-extended progastrin processing intermediates: accumulation and cosecretion with gastrin. 288 66

The passage of viable endogenous bacteria and their products across the intact intestinal mucosal barrier, disseminating to the mesenteric lymph nodes, peritoneal cavity, spleen, liver, and circulation, is defined as bacterial translocation. Intestinal obstruction induces bacterial translocation due to mucosal disruption, motility dysfunction, and increased intestinal volume, leading to bacterial overgrowth. In a rat model of intestinal obstruction, the effects of both high-dose vitamin C (350 microg/kg), an antioxidant agent known to have a cytoprotective effect in ischemia-reperfusion injury, and somatostatin (20 microg/kg), a gastrointestinal antisecretory agent, in preventing bacterial translocation were studied. Both intestinal and liver samples from the rats was observed, and it was found that the rate of bacterial translocation was 100% in the control group, and only 43% for the rats who were given intraperitoneal vitamin C and somatostatin. The difference was statistically significant. In conclusion, we are convinced that vitamin C and somatostatin analogues may have protective effects against bacterial translocation in mechanical bowel obstruction.
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PMID:Effects of somatostatin analogues and vitamin C on bacterial translocation in an experimental intestinal obstruction model of rats. 1093 13

Octreotide, a synthetic analog of natural hormone somatostatin, was labelled with 99mTc. Labelling was accomplished by reduction of the cysteine bridge, which provided sulfhydryl groups for chelating with 99mTc. Sodium ascorbate and sodium dithionite in different concentrations were used as reducing agents. Different amounts of sodium pertechnetate were used for labelling of peptide. When the mass ratio of peptide and sodium ascorbate was 1:100 and the final concentration of dithionite in the labelling vial was 0.2-0.4 microg/microl with 0.18-1.48 GBq sodium pertechnetate more than 80% radiolabelling efficiency was confirmed by RP-HPLC, ITLC-SG and C18 Cartridge analysis. The stability of the 99mTc-peptide bond was evaluated by human serum challenge and that showed the stability was 90% after 4h.
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PMID:Direct labelling of octreotide with 99mTc: effect of different concentration of reducing agents and amount of sodium pertechnetate on radiolabelling efficiency. 1259 15

By means of the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators, somatostatin-like immunoreactivity has been demonstrated in principal ganglion cells of some sympathetic ganglia. The noradrenergic nature of these cells was established by "staining" of the same or consecutive sections with antiserum to dopamine beta-hydroxylase [dopamine beta-monooxygenase; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.17.1], the enzyme converting dopamine to noradrenaline (norepinephrine). In guinea pigs the somatostatin immunoreactive material was found in almost two-thirds of all principal ganglion cells of the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex (anterior inferior part) and of the inferior mesenteric ganglion, but only in a few cells of the superior cervical ganglion. It appeared to be localized close to the Golgi complex. The present findings may represent a concomitant storage of a biogenic amine and a small peptide in a neuron. Because both noradrenaline and somatostatin may fulfill a role as a neurotransmitter or modulator, the sympathetic neurons described in this study may represent an example of mammalian nerve cells not conforming to Dale's hypothesis, i.e., the one neuronone transmitter concept.
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PMID:Occurrence of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in some peripheral sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. 1659 33

Gallstone disease is common: >700,000 cholecystectomies and costs of approximately 6.5 billion dollars annually in the U.S. The burden of disease is epidemic in American Indians (60-70%); a corresponding decrease occurs in Hispanics of mixed Indian origin. Ten to fifteen per cent of white adults in developed countries harbour gallstones. Frequency is further reduced in Black Americans, East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, cholesterol gallstones predominate; 15% are black pigment. East Asians develop brown pigment stones in bile ducts, associated with biliary infection or parasites, or in intrahepatic ducts (hepatolithiasis). Certain risk factors for gallstones are immutable: female gender, increasing age and ethnicity/family (genetic traits). Others are modifiable: obesity, the metabolic syndrome, rapid weight loss, certain diseases (cirrhosis, Crohn's disease) and gallbladder stasis (from spinal cord injury or drugs like somatostatin). The only established dietary risk is a high caloric intake. Protective factors include diets containing fibre, vegetable protein, nuts, calcium, vitamin C, coffee and alcohol, plus physical activity.
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PMID:Gallstone disease: Epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. 1712 83

Fluorophores based on organic molecules hold great potential for ligand-targeted imaging applications, particularly those operating in the optical window in biological tissues. In this work, we have developed three straightforward solid-phase approaches based on amide-bond formation or a Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne click (CuAAC) reaction for labeling an octreotide peptide with far-red emitting coumarin-based COUPY dyes. First, the conjugatable versions of COUPY fluorophores incorporating the required functional groups (e.g., carboxylic acid, azide, or alkyne) were synthesized and characterized. All of them were found fully compatible with Fmoc/ tBu solid-phase peptide synthesis, which allowed for the labeling of octreotide either through amide-bond formation or by CuAAC reaction. A near quantitative conversion was obtained after only 1 h of reaction at RT when using CuSO4 and sodium ascorbate independently of the click chemistry approach used (azido-COUPY/alkynyl-peptide resin or alkynyl-COUPY/azido-peptide resin). COUPY-octreotide conjugates were found stable in cell culture medium as well as noncytotoxic in HeLa cells, and their spectroscopic and photophysical properties were found similar to those of their parent coumarin dyes. Finally, the potential bioimaging applications of COUPY-octreotide conjugates were demonstrated by confocal microscopy through the visualization of living HeLa cells overexpressing the somatostatin subtype-2 receptor.
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PMID:Solid-Phase Approaches for Labeling Targeting Peptides with Far-Red Emitting Coumarin Fluorophores. 3062 54