Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although calcitonin and somatostatin are polypeptid hormones of entirely different structure, in pharmacological doses they possess a similar effect to secretions of stomach and pancreas. Given intravenously, they generally inhibit the basal secretion of organs, stimulated by pentagastrin or pancreozymin, as well as the contraction of the gallbladder. Orally, calcitonin also suppresses by direct contact the secretion of the stomach. While calcitonin in higher doses shows only very slight and tolerable side effects (nausea, headache), somatostatin acts suppressively on many other hormone-regulated systems. Apart from this, disturbances of blood coagulation in monkeys and man were observed, findings which necessitate very careful application. Therapeutical trials appear reasonable with calcitonin in treating acute pancreatitis, in prophylaxis and treatment of stress ulcers with the danger of bleeding, in intensive care medicine, in preoperative procedure of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome as well as in duodenal ulcers (oral calcitonin). Double blind studies are carried out at present to answer most of these questions (acute pancreatitis, stress ulcers, duodenal ulcers), results of which should definitely be awaited.
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PMID:[Summary of work session 4: Effects of calcitonin and somatostatin on the stomach and pancreas--a possible therapeutic principle]. 82 14

Intravenous administration of an alpha-adrenoceptor agonist, UK-14,304, a histamine H3 receptor agonist, R(-)-alpha-methyl-histamine (alpha-MeHA) or SMS 201-995 (a synthetic octapeptide analogue of somatostatin), blocked plasma protein (125I-albumin) extravasation within rat and/or guinea pig dura mater following unilateral electrical trigeminal ganglion stimulation or capsaicin administration. The extravasation caused by the administration of the neuropeptide mediator, substance P, was not inhibited by any of the three compounds. Blockade by UK-14,304 was completely antagonized by pretreatment with the highly selective alpha 2-antagonist, idazoxan, as was alpha-MeHA by pretreatment with the highly selective histamine H3 antagonist, thioperamide. Taken together, the results are consistent with blockade by prejunctional alpha 2, histamine H3 and probably somatostatin receptors which may be coupled to inhibition of neuropeptide release. Because 5-HT1-like agonists, which are useful for treating migraine and related headaches, share similar inhibitory properties in this in vivo model, the significance of prejunctional alpha 2, histamine H3 and somatostatin receptors to treatment of vascular headaches is suggested.
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PMID:UK-14,304, R(-)-alpha-methyl-histamine and SMS 201-995 block plasma protein leakage within dura mater by prejunctional mechanisms. 128 76

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of octreotide (a somatostatin analogue) in the treatment of acromegaly, 10 patients were injected subcutaneously with octreotide, 50 micrograms, thrice daily before each meal for two days, followed by 100 micrograms thrice daily for six months. One case dropped out at the initial stage because of diarrhea, and another quit due to a lack of improvement in headaches after treatment for three months. Eight patients completed the study. The results showed that the circumference of the fourth finger and hand volume significantly decreased after treatment. Laboratory data demonstrated that serum growth hormone (GH) and somatomedin-C levels also decreased significantly. However, in six patients without a history of trans-sphenoidal adenomectomy, the serum GH and somatomedin-C levels returned to normal in only one case who had a serum GH level < 20 mU/L before treatment. In the oral glucose tolerance test, paradoxic elevation of GH subsided after treatment. In the TRH test, paradoxic elevation of GH improved after treatment. In the bromocriptine test, octreotide had a synergistic effect on the suppression of GH. All cases had the side effect of injection pain, especially at the initial stage. An increase in intestinal peristalsis and bowel movement occurred in the first week, but symptoms later subsided. Two out of these eight patients had gallbladder sludge after six months of treatment. In conclusion, octreotide is effective in the treatment of acromegaly; however, it is better used in patients who have serum GH levels < 20 mU/L, or after a trans-sphenoidal adenomectomy, and may be combined with bromocriptine to treat the patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Clinical experience of octreotide in the treatment of acromegaly. 135 45

This randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of intravenous infusion of octreotide (a synthetic long-acting somatostatin analogue) with vasopressin in 48 cirrhotic patients with endoscopically proven bleeding esophageal varices. Twenty-four patients received a continuous infusion of octreotide 25 micrograms/h for 24 h after an initial bolus of 100 micrograms and another 24 patients received a continuous infusion of vasopressin 0.4 U/min for 24 h. Bleeding was initially controlled after 6 h of drug infusion in 88% (21/24) and 54% (13/24) of the patients treated with octreotide and vasopressin respectively (p = 0.03). Complete control of bleeding after 24 h of drug infusion was achieved in 15 (63%) patients receiving octreotide and in 11 (46%) patients receiving vasopressin (p > 0.05). Side effects during drug infusion such as headache, chest pain and abdominal pain were significantly lower in the octreotide group (3/24) than in the vasopressin group (11/24). Serum gastrin and insulin levels fell significantly following octreotide infusion, but plasma glucose levels remained unchanged. Mortality related to bleeding esophageal varices was no different between the two groups. This report showed that octreotide infusion was more effective and had fewer side effects than vasopressin in initial controlling of acute esophageal variceal bleeding until an elective endoscopic sclerotherapy could be performed.
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PMID:A randomized controlled trial comparing octreotide and vasopressin in the control of acute esophageal variceal bleeding. 148 8

Long-acting somatostatin analogues are extensively used for the treatment of acromegalic patients who have not been cured by surgery or for whom surgery is contraindicated or hazardous. Such an analogue, Sandostatin, has been approved for this indication in various countries and to date an overall review is feasible. From the literature and our experience, clinical response of acromegaly is attained in 60% to 70%, with mainly a reduction in headaches, arthralgias, and acral growth. Hormonal response, evaluated on plasma growth hormone (GH) levels, is observed in more than 80% of the patients. In 36% to 45% of the patients, plasma GH levels are reduced to near-normal values, and in 50% of the patients, the percentage of reduction is greater than 50% of pretreatment values. The major source of concern is the occurrence of gallstones during the treatment; its frequency is evaluated differently. From the largest well-documented series, we retain a percentage of 12.5% of newly occurring cholelithiasis and in most cases they remain asymptomatic. Tumor shrinkage is minor in most cases.
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PMID:The role of Sandostatin in acromegaly. 151 32

Some pituitary hormones secrete hormones while others do not. Nonsecreting tumors can interfere with normal pituitary hormone secretion and produce tumor symptoms and signs like headaches and visual field defects. The most frequent hormone-secreting tumors are prolactinomas. Growth hormone or ACTH or gonadotropin or gonadotropin-alpha and beta chain-producing tumors are less frequent, TSH producing tumors are extremely rare. The most important elements of the diagnostic work-up are clinical signs and symptoms, assessment of pituitary function (measurement of TSH, free T4, LH, FSH, oestradiol/free testosteron, growth hormone, IGF-1, prolactin, ACTH, Cortisol, serum and urine osmolality), CT and/or MRI and, in patients with large tumors, a visual field exam. The treatment of choice of pituitary tumors is often surgery. Alternative therapies are radiation treatment (in nonoperable patients or when hormone levels are persistently elevated after pituitary surgery) and drug treatment (dopamine agonists in hyperprolactinemia, somatostatin analogues in acromegaly). Pituitary hormone deficiencies are treated depending on the specific deficiency with thyroxine, cortisone, oestrogen/gestagen/testosterone gonadotropines or ADH analogues.
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PMID:[Hypophyseal dysfunction and tumors]. 158 68

We report a patient with acromegaly who had severe, intractable headache unrelated to tumor size which dramatically resolved with the somatostatin analog octreotide. The analgesic effects of octreotide were neither related to significant inhibition of growth hormone nor influenced by naloxone. Our data suggest that octreotide should be considered in patients with intractable headache associated with pituitary adenomas. Mechanisms other than tumor size or interaction with the opioid system, such as non-opioid algesic peptide secretion, may be the explanation for severe head pain in some pituitary adenomas.
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PMID:Analgesic effect of octreotide in headache associated with acromegaly is not mediated by opioid mechanisms. Case report. 166 9

Two acromegalic patients with severe headache, persisting after pituitary adenomectomy followed by radiotherapy in one, were treated with the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995. Both had been resistant to conventional headache therapy and experienced dramatic and rapid relief after the first injection of the analogue. This result persisted with long-term treatment of the drug. Although the mechanism of action of SMS 201-995 in pain remains unclear, the rapid and efficacious analgesic effect of this compound may be one more indication for its use in pituitary tumors associated with cephalalgias.
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PMID:Headache in acromegaly: dramatic improvement with the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995. 213 20

Ten patients (seven women, three men) with active acromegaly, five previously treated and five newly diagnosed, were included in an open-label prospective trial of 3 daily subcutaneous injections of the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 (Sandostatin) at increasing doses in order to obtain maximum growth hormone (GH) suppression. Four patients had received surgery, radiotherapy or bromocriptine. SMS 201-995 doses were increased in a stepwise fashion from 100 micrograms every 8 h (three times daily) to 200, 300 and finally 500 micrograms three times daily at monthly intervals if mean serum GH values failed to decrease to undetectable levels in over 75% of the samples. The optimal dose was maintained for up to 28 months. Significant clinical improvement of headache, soft tissue swelling, facial features, hyperhidrosis and paraesthesia occurred in all patients. Mean 12-h GH levels were significantly suppressed in four patients and fell to normal values in four. Suppression of GH levels was not achieved in two patients. Comparison of the mean interindividual GH values shows that the optimal efficacious dose is 100 micrograms t.i.d. in 7/10 patients. Somatomedin-C (SM-C) was also significantly reduced to below 50% of pretreatment levels in nine patients in whom it was measured. The subsequent increments of SMS 201-995 up to 500 micrograms three times daily did not produce further clinically relevant GH or SM-C suppression. Pituitary tumour shrinkage occurred in five patients. Thyroid function remained normal. Impaired glucose tolerance occurred in four patients. Side-effects (diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort) were mild and transient. Asymptomatic gallstones occurred in three patients on 1500 micrograms/day and one patient on 600 micrograms/day after 6-12 months treatment. This dose-finding study shows that 100 micrograms three times daily SMS 201-995 is an effective therapy for most of the acromegalic patients we treated.
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PMID:Clinical and biochemical effects of incremental doses of the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in ten acromegalic patients. 220 Jun 20

Somatostatin analogue (Sandostatin; SMS 201-995) is utilized as a therapy in acromegaly because of its efficiency in inhibiting GH secretion; it induces some clinical improvements, such as headache remission in acromegalic patient, which seem to be unrelated to Gh normalization. We have examined 8 acromegalic patients, suffering from headache, after injection of saline solution and subsequently of SMS 201-995 (100 y), in order to study the mechanism of analgesic effect induced by Sandostatin administration. Headache, by autovaluation test, heart rate frequency, PAO, sistolic and diastolic blood velocity in medial cerebral artery, by utilizing Transcranial Doppler Sonography (SDSV), have been measured before and after saline and after SMS 201-995. GH and beta-endorphin have been also assayed in plasma samples. All patients have shown a rapid and complete improvement in headache after Sandostatin administration. At the same time we have observed an increase in SDSV and a parallel slight increase in PAO values, more evident in the diastolic phase. Plasma beta-endorphin assay has shown rather conflicting results after SMS 201-995 administration. Our results confirm an important and rapid analgesis effect of Sandostatin on acromegaly headache unrelated to GH normalization. The cerebral emodinamic changes suggest their involvement in Sandostatin induced analgesia.
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PMID:[Analgesic effect of Sandostatin (SMS 201-995) in acromegaly headache]. 227 13


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