Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The article describes a case of gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumor, which is histogenetically related to the gastrointestinal autonomic plexus (hence the name plexosarcoma). This rare and only recently recognized tumor of the gastrointestinal tract appears to have significant prognostic implications. This tumor cannot be diagnosed unequivocally by light microscopic and immunocytochemical examinations but shows characteristic electron microscopic features. The present case occurred as a gastric primary tumor and exhibited a light and electron microscopic picture similar to the one described in previous reports: areas of spindle-shaped and epithelioid cells, cytoplasmic processes with dense-core granules, and cytoplasmic intermediate filaments. Ultrastructural characteristics diagnostic of other gastrointestinal tumors, such as those originating from smooth muscle, Schwann cell, or endocrine cell types, were absent. Immunocytochemically, the tumor was diffusely positive for vimentin and neuron-specific enolase and focally positive for neurofilament triplet protein (NFTP) 160. Negative staining was observed for NFTP 200, S-100 protein, desmin, somatostatin, chromogranin, keratins (AE1/AE3), and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Although gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumor has been reported to have a deceptively low-grade malignant appearance by light microscopy, it follows an aggressive clinical course. This tumor showed a much higher mitotic rate (one mitosis per high-power field) than the rates of tumors reported previously. Moreover, it occurred in a much younger patient (20 years of age) compared to previously reported cases (45 to 66 years of age), with the exception of one other case (16 years of age).
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PMID:Gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumor. 184 28

The gross, histomorphologic, cytochemical, and immunocytochemical findings in 16 dogs with medullary thyroid carcinoma were evaluated. Grossly, the neoplasms were encapsulated, firm, lobulated, and grey-white to tan. The typical histologic pattern was groups or sheets of round to polygonal cells with fibrovascular stroma, which was thickened and hyalinized in places. Variants of clear cell (two dogs), giant cell (one dog), and oxyphil cell (one dog) types were also seen. In all 16 dogs, Grimelius-stained sections of the neoplasms revealed intracytoplasmic silver granules; ten tumors contained amyloid and four contained mucin. Immunohistochemically, the neoplasms reacted to AE1/AE3 (n = 13), S-100 protein (n = 5), neuron specific enolase (n = 14), synaptophysin (n = 11), calcitonin (n = 16), somatostatin (n = 4), gastrin (n = 7), and serotonin (n = 6). Only one neoplasm was positive for vimentin. None of the neoplasms reacted to antibodies for neurofilaments, thyroglobulin, insulin, glucagon, or adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Eleven neoplasms contained multiple (two to four) peptides, in various combinations. It was concluded that in dogs, gross and histologic features can be used to distinguish medullary thyroid carcinoma from other thyroid malignancies. Cytochemical and immunocytochemical studies with neuron specific enolase, synaptophysin, and calcitonin can be used to establish the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in dogs.
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PMID:Gross, histologic, cytochemical, and immunocytochemical study of medullary thyroid carcinoma in sixteen dogs. 190 46

Immunoreactivity for endocrine peptides (serotonin, gastrin, somatostatin, insulin, corticotropin, calcitonin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and bombesin), cytoskeletal proteins (high and low molecular weight keratins), and tumor differentiation markers (chromogranin, neuron-specific enolase, carcinoembryonic antigen, S100 protein, and Grimelius stain) was sought on nine cervical and one vaginal poorly differentiated small-cell carcinoids. Dense-core secretory granules were ultrastructurally identified in all cases (seven of ten) in which tissue was available for electron microscopy. Immunoreactivity for endocrine secretory products was rarely noted, and only in a minority cell population (serotonin in two of ten). The majority of the tumors exhibited immunoreactivity for low molecular weight keratin (AE1/AE3 in eight of ten; CAM 5.2 in seven of nine), and three of ten tumors focally expressed high molecular weight keratin. Among the markers of neuroendocrine differentiation, neurospecific enolase was more frequently expressed (ten of ten) than chromogranin (five of ten) or argyrophilia (three of ten). Carcinoembryonic antigen was present in eight of ten tumors. S100 protein was absent in all cases. In summary, poorly differentiated small-cell carcinoids of the lower female genital tract, similarly to other small-cell endocrine tumors, occasionally exhibit focal glandular and squamoid differentiation, and only relatively infrequently or focally express immunohistochemically detectable endocrine secretory products, chromogranin, and argyrophilia.
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PMID:Endocrine and tumor differentiation markers in poorly differentiated small-cell carcinoids of the cervix and vagina. 302 70

Microcystic adenoma (serous cystadenoma) of the pancreas (MA) is an unusual benign tumor of uncertain histogenesis. We have studied 14 cases of MA from 11 women and three men. The average age at diagnosis was 64 years. Six tumors were discovered incidentally. Tumors varied from 2.5 to 12 cm in greatest dimension and all were multicystic; eight tumors were located in the pancreatic head, two in the body, and three in the tail. Each tumor was composed of variably sized cysts lined by simple cuboidal or flattened, focally glycogen-rich epithelium. The stroma was variably collagenized and showed highly vascularized, delicate to broad fibrous septae, which focally contained dystrophic calcification, cholesterol clefts, and hemosiderin. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on eight cases to determine the cell of origin. Epithelial membrane antigen and a low-molecular-weight keratin, detected by monoclonal antibodies PKK1 or AE1/AE3, were diffusely seen in tumor cells of all cases. Tumor cells were uniformly negative for carcinoembryonic antigen, chromogranin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, pancreatic polypeptide, and a low-molecular-weight keratin detected by monoclonal antibody PKK2. Tumor cell antigen reactivity most resembled that seen in normal centroacinar and ductal cells. Electron microscopy of seven cases showed primitive tumor cells with irregularly spaced, short, blunt microvilli, luminal occluding junctions and belt desmosomes, bundles of filaments including dense bodies in both apical and basal cell cytoplasm, sparse organelles, and variable but often pronounced amounts of glycogen. These ultrastructural features most closely resembled the normal pancreatic centroacinar cell. Based on both immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features described above, we conclude that the centroacinar cell is the cell of origin of MA.
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PMID:Microcystic adenoma (serous cystadenoma) of the pancreas. A study of 14 cases with immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic correlation. 335 51

The glandular peripheral nerve sheath tumor is a rare variant of nerve sheath neoplasms in which the focally occurring glands are lined by cells showing divergent differentiation. The vast majority of the reported nerve sheath tumors harboring these glands have been malignant. We herein present a case of benign glandular peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a 43-year-old woman who had no evidence of von Recklinghausen's disease. Histologically, the tumor is composed of spindle cell component and collections of glandular component. The glandular component occupied the central two-thirds of the lesion and was lined by a single layer of nonciliated cuboidal or columnar cells. No mitotic figures were recognized in the spindle cell area. This spindle cell area had neurofibroma-like features rather than schwannoma. Many of the spindle cells had positive reaction products for S-100 protein. The glandular lining epithelium were positive for cytokeratins (CAM 5.2, AE1/AE3, PKK1) and EMA. Some epithelial cells were immunoreactive for CEA, chromogranin, somatostatin and Leu-7. These immunohistochemical findings support the neuroendocrine differentiation of the epithelial element from the schwannian component.
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PMID:Benign glandular peripheral nerve sheath tumor. A case report. 752 35

Some cytologic specimens may be limited in quantity, and this may hamper or preclude the performance of immunocytochemistry (ICC) in cases where more than one antibody (ab) is required by ICC to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. There is very little information in the cytology literature regarding the use of ICC for specimens that are limited in quantity. In this study, we describe a method, derived from the principles of double immunolabelling, whereby more than one ab test can be repeatedly used on the same Papanicolaou stained slide. Multiple cytologic scrape preparations fixed in 95% ethanol were obtained from fresh surgical specimens including carcinomas of the breast, endometrium, stomach, ovary and colon. Nonneoplastic tissues included tonsil (2), lymph node (2) and myometrium. Papanicolaou stained slides or unstained slides were subjected to two sequential ICC procedures, the first in which the ab was known to be nonreactive with the cells (insulin, glucagon, or somatostatin) and the second in which the ab was known to be positive in the cells. Positive controls for the known positive abs included a single-step ICC procedure as well as the tissue section. The test abs included CAM 5.2, AE1/3, K903, LCA, L26, UCHL-1, s-100, mCEA, GCDFP-15, vimentin, muscle specific actin and desmin. Identical two-step ab procedures were carried out on the tissues from the same surgical specimens. For Papanicolaou stained cytologic specimens, abs were reactive and gave excellent results for the repeat second-step ICC method. There was no false positive or false negative staining. This "repeat ICC" method also gave excellent results on the tissue sections. Immunocytochemistry can be performed more than once on the very same cytologic specimen if the initial ICC antibody attempt is negative. This method may be especially useful in situations where more than one antibody is needed on a very limited cytologic sample size.
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PMID:Immunocytochemistry on cytologic specimens of limited quantity. 948 46

Neuroendocrine (NE) carcinoma was diagnosed in 10 dogs. In six cases examined by cephalometric radiography and computerized tomography, a large mass was seen to fill the nasal cavity. Histopathologically, sheets, nests or ribbons of neoplastic cells were separated by delicate or thick fibrovascular stroma. The neoplastic cells were round, oval, or spindle-shaped; cytoplasmic granules and hyperchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli were present. Neoplastic cells were invariably immunohistochemically positive for cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Eight dogs were positive for S100 protein, seven for synaptophysin, five for protein gene product 9.5, two for somatostatin, and one for Leu-7. Immunolabelling gave negative results for CK 8, CK 19, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related polypeptide, neurofilaments, serotonin, gastrin and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells contained a large number of round, membrane-bounded, densely-cored granules corresponding to neurosecretory granules. These observations were consistent with the neuroendocrine nature of the carcinomas.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine carcinoma in the nasal cavity of ten dogs. 1604 21

Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation (SETTLE) is a very rare thyroid tumor. It is one of a family of tumors arising either from ectopic thymus or remnants of branchial pouches that retain the potential to differentiate along the thymic line. Herein is reported a case of SETTLE in a 2-year-old girl. The patient underwent right thyroid lobectomy for a tumor of the right thyroid lobe. The resected specimen of this tumor revealed a whitish and solid mass. On microscopy, the tumor exhibited an area of spindle cells, glandular epithelium, and mucinous cystic lesions. The following findings were obtained on immunohistochemistry: the spindle cell area was diffusely positive for cytokeratin AE1/3 and vimentin, and partially positive for alpha-smooth muscle-specific actin. The glandular structures consisted of columnar cells and the cystic area was also positive for cytokeratin AE1/3. All three components of the tumor were negative for thyroglobulin, thyroid transcription factor-1, S-100 protein, carcinoembryonic antigen, somatostatin, synaptophysin, and chromogranin A. On the basis of the aforementioned findings, SETTLE was diagnosed. The patient remains disease free to date, 2 years after surgery with no additional treatment. To the best of the authors' knowledge the present SETTLE patient is the youngest yet reported.
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PMID:Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation (SETTLE): youngest reported patient. 1693 Mar 39

We report a case of a 56-year-old male with a primary large cell neuroendocrine renal carcinoma. Grossly, the left kidney was enlarged by a solid tumor that measured 145 x 125 x 100 mm. Histologically, the tumor consisted of large cells with a moderate to abundant amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei were irregular, some of them with finely or coarsely granular chromatin, others with vesicular chromatin and prominent nucleoli. The tumor cells showed multiple mitotic figures (up to 32 mitoses/10 HPF). In some areas, the tumor cells were arranged in solid sheets; however, the predominant pattern was solid-alveolar, trabecular and cribriform. Large areas of tumor necrosis were found. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for synaptophysin, CD56 and CD57. Cytokeratin AE1/AE3, vimentin and CD10 were positive only focally. Chromogranin showed weak cytoplasmic positivity in rare tumor cells. Cytokeratin CAM5.2, cytokeratin 34betaE12, BerEP 4, EMA, TTF-1, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, calretinin, serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin, calcitonin, glukagon and insulin were negative. Primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the kidney is a rare tumor. To the best of our knowledge, only 3 cases of a tumor of this type have been reported to date.
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PMID:Primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the kidney. 1957 58