Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The neuropeptide somatostatin is widely distributed in the central nervous system of rat and human. Somatostatin-containing neurons are particularly abundant in the hypothalamus, the cerebral cortex and the limbic system. Somatostatin is also present in a number of discrete structures in the brainstem and spinal cord. The localization of somatostatin receptors provides valuable information regarding the possible roles of the peptide in the brain. In the present study, we have investigated the precise distribution of somatostatin binding sites in the human lower brainstem by quantitative autoradiography, using [125I- Tyr0,DTrp8]S14 as a radioligand. The tissues were collected from two individuals, aged 50 and 67 years, who had no antecedent of neurological disorders. The binding of the radioligand was visualized in 73 distinct anatomical regions of the medulla and pons and quantified by computer-assisted image analysis. Somatostatin binding sites were present in sensory nuclei, the highest densities being observed in the trigeminal complex (spinalis oralis and interpolaris) and in the nucleus (N.) tractus solitarii. Moderate to low densities of binding sites were detected in the N. vestibularis medialis and spinalis, and in the N. nervus trigemini sensibilis principalis. Many relay nuclei of the ascending somatosensory pathways contained moderate to high densities of binding sites: the inferior olivary complex, the N. arcuatus and the N. praepositus hypoglossi. Binding sites were also present in several motor nuclei such as the N. nervi hypoglossi, the N. dorsalis motorius nervi vagi, the N. nervi facialis and the N. nervi abducentis. Moderate to low concentrations of binding sites were detected in nuclei related to the reticular formation including the N. raphae pallidus, the N. parabrachialis and the N. supratrochlearis. The N. locus coeruleus exhibited a very high concentration of somatostatin binding sites in both individuals. The present data, together with previous studies on the distribution of somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers in the human brainstem, suggest that somatostatin may be involved in (i) sensory processes including vestibular sensitivity, somatosensoriality and proprioception, (ii) sleep-waking cycle and arousal and (iii) control of various neurovegetative functions including regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory activities as well as gastric acid secretion.
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PMID:Distribution of somatostatin receptors in the adult human brainstem. 889 19

The ontogeny of somatostatin binding sites was studied in 16 respiratory nuclei of the human brainstem, from 19 postconceptional weeks to 6 months postnatal, by quantitative autoradiography using [(125)I-Tyr0,DTrp8]S14 as a radioligand. In the early gestational stages (19-21 postconceptional weeks), moderate to high concentrations of [(125)I-Tyr0,DTrp8]S14 binding sites were found in all nuclei, the highest density being measured in the locus coeruleus. From 19 weeks of fetal life to 6 months postnatal, a decrease in the density of labeling was observed in all nuclei. The most dramatic reduction in site density (80-90%) was found in the ventral part of the nucleus medullae oblongata lateralis and in the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis. A 70-80% decrease was detected in the dorsal part of the nucleus tractus solitarius, the nucleus nervi hypoglossi, the ventral part of the nucleus medullae oblongatae centralis, the nucleus ambiguus, the nucleus paragigantocellularis dorsalis, and the nucleus gigantocellularis, and a 60-70% decrease in the nucleus parabrachialis medialis, the ventrolateral and ventromedial parts of the nucleus tractus solitarius, and the nucleus praepositus hypoglossi. A 50-60% decrease was observed in the caudal part of the nucleus tractus solitarius, the nucleus dorsalis motorius nervi vagi, and the nucleus parabrachialis lateralis, whereas in the nucleus locus coeruleus, the concentration of recognition sites decreased by only 30%. The profiles of the decrease in site density differed in the various structures. In the majority of the nuclei, a gradual diminution of binding density was observed either throughout the developmental period studied or mainly during fetal life. Conversely, in two nuclei, i.e., the nucleus parabrachialis lateralis and the locus coeruleus, an abrupt decrease occurred around birth. The differential decrease in the density of somatostatin binding sites observed in respiratory nuclei during development, together with the observation that microinjection of somatostatin in some of these nuclei causes ventilatory depression and apnea, strongly suggests that the somatostatinergic systems of the human brainstem are involved in the maturation of the respiratory control.
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PMID:Ontogeny of somatostatin binding sites in respiratory nuclei of the human brainstem. 913 3

Of the two known forms of intestinal somatostatin, somatostatin-28 (S28) and S14, S28 predominates in the distal mucosa, whereas S14 is localized in the foregut. Although S14 release has been well studied, little is known about the factors regulating secretion of S28 from the intestine. Therefore, fetal rat intestinal cultures, which have been previously demonstrated to synthesize and secrete predominantly S28, were treated with potential nutrient, neuromodulator/transmitter, and peptide secretagogues (n = 4-6/experiment). Oleic acid dose dependently stimulated the release of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) to 272 +/- 81% of the control value at 1.5 x 10(-4) M (P < 0.01). Gel permeation analysis (n = 3) demonstrated that this increment was accounted for not only by an increase in the release of S28, but also by an increase in that of S14, such that the secretion of both peptides was increased in parallel. Of the neuromodulators tested, only the enteric peptide gastrin-releasing peptide stimulated intestinal SLI secretion, to 386 +/- 60% of the control value at 10(-6) M (P < 0.001); similar to oleic acid, the effects on S28 and S14 were equivalent. Galanin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, bethanechol, and epinephrine did not affect SLI release. The duodenal hormone secretin also stimulated SLI release to 310 +/- 78% of the control value at 10(-6) M (P < 0.001); however, secretin caused a preferential release of S14 over that of S28 (S14, 7.8 +/- 2.8-fold; S28, 1.5 +/- 0.1-fold). In contrast, gastrin, cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, neurotensin, peptide YY, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor-alpha had no effect on intestinal SLI release. Thus, luminal nutrients and neuro/endocrine peptides exert differential effects on S28 release from the rat intestine compared with those on S14. These findings implicate S28 as a distinct regulatory peptide in the physiological setting.
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PMID:Nutrient and peptide regulation of somatostatin-28 secretion from intestinal cultures. 942 9

To construct the ss/HBsAg protein gene-engineering vaccine for developing the diagnosis and cure tumors in clinical medicine and promoting the growth in animal husbandry production. A pair of primers were designed according separately to the sequence of Somatostatin gene(S14) and HBsAg gene. Their gene fragments were separately amplified by using PCR and cloned, following sequencing, the DNA fragments were inserted into pBluescript vector. Then the ss/HBsAg chimera was constructed and was cloned into pPICZaA plasmid, and transformed into electroporated Pichia pastoris. High yield protein expression was obtained. Expressed protein was proved with high specificity and it's molecular weigh was about 28 KD identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot.
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PMID:[Construction and expression of somatostatin (S14) and hepatitis B surface antigen gene in yeast Pichia pastoris]. 1255 29


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