Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pituitary hormones prolactin and oxytocin play important roles in the production and ejection of milk. In addition, some gastrointestinal peptides are released in response to suckling. During suckling, the piglets massage the udder of the sow both before and after let-down and the duration of suckling is correlated to the amount of milk produced by the sow. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a quantitative relation between the release of prolactin, gastrin, somatostatin, insulin, glucagon and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and the amount of stimulation of the sow's teats by the piglets. Repeated blood samples were drawn from three Swedish Landrace sows during three consecutive nursings by each sow on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 after parturition. The duration of massage by the piglets was noted, as was the number of piglets massaging. Hormone levels were quantified by radioimmunoassay. The release of prolactin, somatostatin, insulin, glucagon and VIP but not of gastrin were found to be significantly related to the amount of teat massage performed by the piglets during the first 2 weeks of lactation. The release was related to the duration of piglet massage or to the combined effect of duration and the number of piglets massaging but not to the number of piglets massaging per se. The basal level of prolactin was found to decrease during this time.
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PMID:Quantitative relationships between suckling-induced teat stimulation and the release of prolactin, gastrin, somatostatin, insulin, glucagon and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in sows. 168 75

Sixteen Yorkshire pigs (49 +/- 2 kg BW at 17 weeks) were immunized against somatostatin (SRIF; 4 males, 4 females) or its conjugated protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA; controls; 4 males, 4 females). Immunizations were done at 10, 12 and 14 weeks of age. Jugular vein cannulae were surgically inserted at 17 weeks of age. Five d later, half of each sex from the control and SRIF-immunized groups were stressed. The other half were subjected to the same stress 48 hr later. On both days, remaining animals were used as unstressed controls. The stress consisted of 5 min of snare restraint. Blood samples were collected from all pigs on both days at -20, -15, -10, -5, 0 (beginning of stress), 2, 6, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 240 min. Samples were radioimmunoassayed for cortisol, growth hormone (GH), prolactin (Prl), insulin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Mean antibody titers against SRIF (1:150 dilution) at 15 weeks were 0.49 +/- .09% and 54.5 +/- 4.9% for control and SRIF immunized pigs, respectively. Gender and immunization against SRIF had no effect on any of the variables measured (P greater than 0.05), except for T3 levels which were greater in females than in males (P less than 0.05). The stress by time of sampling interaction was significant (P less than 0.01) for all hormones measured. Cortisol values almost tripled within 15 min of stress, reaching concentrations above 100 ng/mL. Maximal increases were seen at 2 min for T4 (14%), at 6 min for T3 (36%), at 15 min for Prl (46%) and at 10 min for insulin (141%). An increase of 129% in GH concentration was present at 20 min in stressed pigs; however, an increase of 97% was also seen at 120 min in control pigs. Concentrations of IGF-I decreased (21%) by 60 min in the stressed pigs and remained depressed for up to 150 min. Stress associated with snare restraint, therefore, induces major changes in the concentrations of a series of hormones in growing pigs. On the other hand, immunization against SRIF did not alter any of the hormonal profiles measured. Since snare restraint is widely used to handle pigs during jugular puncture, any study of hormonal secretion in this species should be carried out under carefully controlled conditions in terms of blood sampling technique.
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PMID:Hormonal changes following an acute stress in control and somatostatin-immunized pigs. 168 21

We investigated the effect of intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of somatostatin (SRIF) on prolactin (PRL) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release in freely moving rats chronically cannulated with an atrial catheter. The plasma PRL levels were significantly elevated following the icv administration of 0.5 microgram SRIF. No further increase in PRL following the icv administration of SRIF were found in the rats in the course of repeated intravenous of injection of 5.0 mg/kg sulpiride, a specific D2 receptor antagonist. On the other hand, the injection of 5.0 micrograms SRIF resulted in no significant change in the plasma TSH levels. These results suggest that the effect of SRIF on PRL release was exerted through brain D2 receptors.
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PMID:The effect of intracerebroventricular administration of somatostatin on prolactin and TSH release in rats. 168 98

Neuropeptides and neurohormones (neurotransmitters) have been shown to modulate immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Since reproduction and lactation are regulated by neurohormones, we investigated whether neurohormones could enhance anti-rotavirus immunity in milk. Rotavirus-free mice were immunized orally with killed bovine rotavirus (BRV) and bred 6 weeks post-immunization. Post-whelping, each group of dams (ten mice/group) was given a single injection of prolactin (PRL), estrogen, PRL and estrogen or testosterone. The effects of neuropeptides, substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SS) on serum and lactogenic anti-rotavirus humoral immune responses were also investigated. The results revealed that in the groups given PRL or estrogen, anti-rotavirus antibody titers in milk and serum were enhanced. In contrast, testosterone had a negative effect on antibody titers. The administration of neuropeptide SP resulted in some enhancement of the lactogenic anti-rotavirus antibody titer at day 9 post-whelping whereas the opposite effect was observed following administration of SS. Prolactin given at 100 micrograms/mouse, on the day after whelping, gave optimum milk and serum antibody responses. Neurotransmitters potentiated immune responses to the weaker immunogenic proteins, VP4 and VP7 as well as to the strongly immunogenic VP6. In order to verify that the enhancement of anti-rotavirus antibody production was due to PRL and not to other factor(s), bromocriptine (BCR), a selective PRL inhibitor, was used as a control. Mice given BCR exhibited a drastic reduction in anti-rotavirus antibody in serum and milk. The role of neurotransmitters in the modulation of the lactogenic immune response and its significance in protection of neonates from enteric infections is discussed.
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PMID:Neuroimmunomodulation of in vivo anti-rotavirus humoral immune response. 168 78

An immunocytochemical investigation was carried out on round and spreading hemocytes of Planorbarius corneus by using 20 antisera to vertebrate bioactive peptides. The immunotests showed the presence of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin-bombesin-, calcitonin-, CCK-8 (INC)-, CCK-39-, gastrin-, glucagon-, Met-enkephalin-, neurotensin-, oxytocin-, somatostatin-, substance P-, VIP-, and vasopressin-immunoreactive molecules in the spreading hemocytes. The round hemocytes were only positive to anti-bombesin, anticalcitonin, anti-CCK-8 (INC), anti-CCK-39, anti-neurotensin, anti-oxytocin, anti-substance P and anti-vasopressin antibodies. No immunostaining was observed with anti-CCK-8 (Peninsula), anti-insulin, anti-prolactin, anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroxin (T4) antibodies. As probably in vertebrates, these bioactive peptides may modulate immuno cell function.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical evidence of vertebrate bioactive peptide-like molecules in the immuno cell types of the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus (L.) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). 169 11

The influence of various ions and of dopamine and somatostatin on the in vitro activity of rainbow trout prolactin (PRL) cells was investigated. There was a positive correlation between medium Ca2+ concentration and both PRL synthesis and release up to 1.8 mM Ca2+, above which no further increase occurred. Even with no Ca2+ in the medium, there was still PRL secretion during the incubation. Replacement of Ca2+ with Ba2+ in the medium did not elevate either total PRL levels or PRL release above that in Ca2 +)-free medium. Neither elevated Mg2+ nor increased medium K+ had any effect on PRL synthesis or release. Dopamine inhibited PRL release but not synthesis, as did the D2 receptor agonist, apomorphine. However, the D2 receptor antagonist, (+)-butaclamol was unable to prevent the action of dopamine on PRL release. Somatostatin inhibited both PRL synthesis and release in normal Ca2+ medium, but release only in reduced Ca2+ medium. Thus, Ca2+, dopamine, and somatostatin may all have roles in regulating prolactin secretion in this fish. In addition, oPRL reduced trout PRL release, indicating a possible negative feedback mechanism for trout PRL secretion.
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PMID:The effects of ions and hypothalamic factors on the in vitro activity of rainbow trout prolactin cells. 169 74

Seventy patients aged from one month to 18 years with seizure disorders were classified into three groups: I. Patients who had hard control seizure attacks even under medication; II. those who had occasional seizure attacks (less than 6 times per year) and III. those who had no seizure attacks after receiving medication for at least one year. Blood samples were taken for somatostatin, substance P, prolactin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) assays. Lumbar puncture was made in 32 children and CSF samples were also assayed for neuropeptides. Somatostatin levels in serum were significantly elevated in group I and group II (P = 0.05, ANOVA) but not in group III and control group. Similar observations were made in substance P, prolactin and VIP studies. In CSF, the somatostation can better indicate the difference between epileptic and normal children (comparison with group I, P greater than 0.001; with group II, P less than 0.001; even with those who were seizure free after medication, P less than 0.05). In conclusion, the levels of several neuropeptides (somatostatin, substance P. prolactin, VIP) were elevated in children with seizure disorders both in serum and CSF. The present investigation provides a new category for the understanding of the pathogenesis, treatment as well as prognosis of seizure disorders.
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PMID:Somatostatin, substance P, prolactin and vasoactive intestinal peptide levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of children with seizure disorders. 171 68

Altered osmotic pressure and somatostatin (SRIF) rapidly alter prolactin (PRL) release from the pituitary gland of the euryhaline teleost, the tilapia. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether altered osmotic pressure and SRIF influence cAMP metabolism in a manner that is correlated with the pattern of PRL release observed previously. Although PRL release is stimulated within 10-20 min when medium osmotic pressure is reduced, cAMP metabolism was not altered. However, following 1 hr of incubation in the presence of IBMX, cAMP accumulation was higher in PRL tissue exposed to medium of reduced osmotic pressure. This suggests that cAMP does not initiate an increase in PRL release in response to reduced osmotic pressure. By contrast, SRIF reduced the forskolin-stimulated increase in cAMP levels in a manner consistent with its rapid effects on PRL release. Moreover, the ability of SRIF to suppress the forskolin-stimulated increase in cAMP levels suggests that SRIF may act to render adenylate cyclase less responsive to direct stimulation by forskolin.
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PMID:Effects of osmotic pressure and somatostatin on the cAMP messenger system of the osmosensitive prolactin cell of a teleost fish, the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). 171 2

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an inflammatory peptide hormone, with potent neuroendocrine effects. IL-1 stimulates the central nervous system production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and somatostatin, and inhibits the secretion of prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH). Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is a novel cytokine, recently purified, characterized, and cloned. IL-1ra is a pure endogenous antagonist of IL-1:IL-1 function is modulated not only by local levels of IL-1, but also by the levels of IL-1ra. We have localized by in situ hybridization histochemistry IL-1ra mRNA in rat brain, in areas of importance to neuroendocrine function, such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, as well as cerebellum. These findings indicate that IL-1ra is produced in brain in areas of relevance to the regulation of neuroendocrine function and suggest that IL-1ra may modulate the neuroendocrine effects of IL-1.
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PMID:Localization of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist mRNA in rat brain. 182 36

In the present study we used the model of cultured somatostatin-receptor-positive prolactin (PRL)-secreting rat pituitary tumor cells to investigate the possible interrelationships between the anti-mitotic and hormone-release-inhibitory effects of the somatostatin analog octreotide (SMS 201-955) and the effects of vincristine, methotrexate, fluouracil and suramin. Dose-dependent inhibitory effects of all compounds were shown both on the DNA content and on PRL release. Octreotide and these cytostatic compounds were slightly additive in their anti-proliferative and anti-secretory effects. The somatostatin analog did not alter drug sensitivity in these tumor cells, however. The data obtained in this tumor model suggest that octreotide can be effectively administered in combination with cytostatic drugs and/or suramin.
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PMID:The interrelationship between the anti-mitotic action of the somatostatin analog octreotide and that of cytostatic drugs and suramin. 186 Jul 38


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