Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Somatostatinergic nerves in the spinal cord of the monkey were investigated utilizing immunohistochemistry with various antibodies against synthetic somatostatin. In contrast to earlier investigations, it is shown that somatostatinergic nerve endings occur in most of the areas of the grey matter of the spinal cord. The somatostatinergic axons are, however, characteristically distributed in three main regions: (1) Densely-packed endings are seen in lamina II of the substantia gelatinosa, forming a crescent-shaped pattern in the columna dorsalis. Somatostatin immunoreactivity is also seen in lamina I and in the Lissauer tract. (2) A fine network of fibers is observed around the central canal; the endings are concentrated on special cell bodies. Some single perikarya are also stained in this region. (3) A loose network of single fibers is found ending on perikarya of the columna lateralis or ventralis. The perikarya of the nerve axons, with the exception of those terminating in the columna dorsalis, have as yet not been identified. In order to better understand the somatostatinergic system of the spinal cord, these newly-detected somatostatinergic nerves must be studied and their exact pathways analyzed.
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PMID:Somatostatinergic nerves in the cervical spinal cord of the monkey. 11 91

Light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the central projections and colocalization relationships of a subpopulation of primary afferent neurons that were immunolabelled with an antibody (AB893) against rat liver gap junctions. In lumbar dorsal root ganglia AB893-immunoreactivity was seen in 14.5% of all cells and in both small and large size neurons. Colocalization analysis showed that 78% of all AB893-immunoreactive (AB893-IR) neurons contained calcitonin gene-related peptide, while only 7 to 10% contained the calcium binding proteins parvalbumin or calbindin D28k. Among small type B AB893-IR ganglion cells, it was calculated that over 90% contained fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase, while only 1 to 2% contained substance P or somatostatin. Cytochrome oxidase histochemistry revealed light staining in the vast majority of AB893-IR cells. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord the antibody labelled fibers in the dorsal root, Lissauer's tract, lamina I and lamina II. Isolated immunoreactive fiber bundles were arranged in sheets spanning most of lamina II. Immunoreactive fibers were depleted from the dorsal horn after dorsal rhizotomy or neonatal capsaicin treatment. Ultrastructural examination showed that AB893-IR fibers were composed of closely associated clusters of 2 to 5 unmyelinated fibers each ranging from 0.1-0.4 microns in diameter. Immunoreactivity was distributed intermittently along the cytoplasmic membrane of axons and en passant sinusoid terminals located centrally within the fiber clusters, as well as along axonal membranes adjacent to the central axon or terminal. The results suggest that the immunoreactive fibers in lamina II of the dorsal horn originate from a subpopulation of AB893-IR neurons that contain FRAP and give rise to unmyelinated axons.
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PMID:Cytochemical relationships and central terminations of a unique population of primary afferent neurons in rat. 193 3

Several immunogold techniques were used to determine the ultrastructural localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tachykinin, somatostatin, and gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of rat spinal cord. The immunocytochemical reactions were carried out directly on ultrathin sections from non-osmicated frozen tissue, non-osmicated low temperature-embedded (Lowicryl K4M) tissue, and osmicated epoxy-embedded material. Preservation of ultrastructural morphology and immuno-labeling efficiency were compared. Morphology of subcellular organelles was relatively good in ultra-thin frozen sections, which showed the highest immunoreactivity. However, only very small samples of tissue could be examined. Although there was relatively good immunolabeling in the Lowicryl K4M-embedded tissue, the ultrastructure of the neuropil, and particularly that of synapses, was poorly maintained. In contrast, the osmicated epoxy-embedded material offered optimal morphological preservation together with accurate subcellular localization of all antigens under study. The latter approach thus enabled clear visualization of CGRP, tachykinin, and somatostatin immunoreactivity restricted to large dense-cored vesicles (90-150 nm diameter) in many axonal and synaptic profiles in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn. CGRP- and tachykinin-positive profiles were also present in the tract of Lissauer. GABA immunoreactivity was present mainly in axons and terminals, and less frequently in somatic and dendritic profiles. In terminals, which often formed symmetrical synapses on immunonegative dendritic profiles, it was associated with small (30-60 nm diameter) clear vesicles and mitochondria. Double immunolabeling was possible on all preparations, but the osmicated, epoxy-embedded material clearly showed co-localization of peptides, especially of CGRP and tachykinins, within the same dense-cored vesicles in axonal fibers and/or terminals. On the other hand, peptide and GABA immunoreactivity were consistently seen in different nerve profiles. In a few cases, GABAnergic terminals were seen to synapse on tachykinin-positive fibers.
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PMID:Ultrastructural localization of neuropeptides and GABA in rat dorsal horn: a comparison of different immunogold labeling techniques. 256 4

The occurrence and distribution of substance-P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), and enkephalin (ENK) were studied in the North American opossum, a generalized marsupial. Substance-P immunoreactivity was present in the tract of Lissauer as well as within lamina I, the outer part of lamina II, the lateral portion of laminae III through VII, and lamina X at all spinal levels. Although present, it was very spare in the ventral horn. Substance-P was also localized within autonomic areas of the thoracolumbar cord. ENK immunoreactivity was present in laminae I-III and laminae VII-X, as well as within autonomic areas. There was more ENK immunoreactivity in the ventral horn than SP. The densest aggregates of ENK, however, were found within the outer part of lamina II. In contrast, SOM could not be localized within the spinal cord of the opossum. (See NOTE ADDED IN PROOF).
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of substance-P, somatostatin, and methionine-enkephalin in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the North American opossum, Didelphis virginiana. 616 43

In the present study we have employed immunoperoxidase techniques to investigate the distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord and sensory ganglia of the cat. The spinal distribution of VIP-containing neuronal processes was also compared with that of substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), and cholecystokinin-8 (CCK) at lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal levels. At sacral levels, VIP was found to be contained in small and medium-sized primary sensory neurons and in dorsal rootlets. Deafferentation, by either ganglionectomy or dorsal rhizotomy, resulted in a nearly complete loss of VIP immunoreactivity in the spinal cord. The spinal distribution of VIP fibers and terminals was most dense and extensive in sacral segments. Forming a thin shell around the dorsal horn, collaterals, apparently originating from Lissauer's tract, projected either medially or laterally through lamina I. Laterally, many VIP axons terminated in lateral laminae V to VII. Others projected further through the neck of the dorsal horn to medial lamina V and the gray matter near the central canal. Medially, VIP axons descended through lamina I to expand into terminal fields in the posterior commissure and medial lamina V. At the ultrastructural level, VIP-like immunoreactivity was found in dense core vesicles within axonal enlargements containing both large dense core and smaller clear round vesicles. Synaptic connections were infrequently observed but, when encountered, were of the simple axodendritic type. The spinal distribution of VIP-containing fibers was remarkably similar to that reported for pelvic nerve visceral afferents, both in termination patterns within the spinal gray matter and in localization to the sacral cord. The density of SP-, SOM-, and CCK-containing fibers and terminals was constant at all levels examined (L4 to Co4). In marked contrast, the distribution of VIP fibers, much like that of pelvic nerve afferents, was mostly confined to sacral segments. Thus, although SP, SOM, and CCK may be contained within a population of sacral visceral afferents, they must be common to afferent systems in other segments as well. VIP, however, appears to be preferentially contained within pelvic visceral afferent fibers confined mostly to sacral segments.
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PMID:Preferential immunohistochemical localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the sacral spinal cord of the cat: light and electron microscopic observations. 619 17

A gate control exists by which peripheral afferents and descending pathways can modulate sensory transmission. Evidence is presented that the mechanism may exist in the substantia gelatinosa laminae II and III. This area receives all known types of peripheral afferent from skin, from viscera and from high-threshold muscle afferents. The chemistry of the region is unique. Peripheral afferent terminals contain substance P, somatostatin, and fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase. Cells in the region contain enkephalin and GABA. At least three descending systems from the brainstem terminate in the area. The anatomical substrate exists by which cells in laminae II and III can receive afferents and descending axons and intrude onto cells of laminae I, IV, and V. Stimuli limited to the axons of laminae II and III cells in the Lissauer tract produce dorsal root potential and change the excitability of mono- and polysynaptic reflexes. They also change the excitability and receptive fields of cells in laminae IV and V. Recording from single units in laminae II and III reveals cells with many unusual properties not seen in the large dorsal horn cells. These unusual properties include small receptive fields, very prolonged responses to single stimuli, prolonged habituation, and shifting receptive fields. The action of the gate control shows it to be subtle and far beyond a simple control of overall excitability. Excitations and inhibitions are independently controlled. Different types of convergent afferent may be turned on and off. There are signs of both short-and long-lasting actions. It seems that a good case has been made for the cells of substantia gelatinosa taking part in the gate control mechanism.
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PMID:The role of substantia gelatinosa as a gate control. 624 35

In the present study, we investigated and compared the ability of the cholera toxin B subunit, wheat germ agglutinin and isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia I conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, to retrogradely and transganglionically label visceral primary afferents after unilateral injections into the rat urinary bladder wall. Horseradish peroxidase histochemical or lectin-immunofluorescence histochemical labelling of bladder afferents was seen in the L6-S1 spinal cord segments and in the T13-L2 and L6-S1 dorsal root ganglia. In the lumbosacral spinal cord, the most intense and extensive labelling of bladder afferents was seen when cholera toxin B subunit-horseradish peroxidase was injected. Cholera toxin B subunit-horseradish peroxidase-labelled fibres were found in Lissauer's tract, its lateral and medial collateral projections, and laminae I and IV-VI of the spinal gray matter. Labelled fibres were numerous in the lateral collateral projection and extended into the spinal parasympathetic nucleus. Labelling from both the lateral and medial projections extended into the dorsal grey commissural region. Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase labelling produced a similar pattern but was not as dense and extensive as that of cholera toxin B subunit-horseradish peroxidase. The isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia I-horseradish peroxidase-labelled fibres, on the other hand, were fewer and only observed in the lateral collateral projection and occasionally in lamina I. Cell profile counts showed that a larger number of dorsal root ganglion cells were labelled with cholera toxin B subunit-horseradish peroxidase than with wheat germ agglutinin- or isolectin B4-horseradish peroxidase. In the L6-S1 dorsal root ganglia, the majority (81%) of the cholera toxin B subunit-, and almost all of the wheat germ agglutinin- and isolectin B4-immunoreactive cells were RT97-negative (an anti-neurofilament antibody that labels dorsal root ganglion neurons with myelinated fibres). Double labelling with other neuronal markers showed that 71%, 43% and 36% of the cholera toxin B subunit-immunoreactive cells were calcitonin gene-related peptide-, isolectin B4-binding- and substance P-positive, respectively. A few cholera toxin B subunit cells showed galanin-immunoreactivity, but none were somatostatin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, or neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive or contained fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase. The results show that cholera toxin B subunit-horseradish peroxidase is a more effective retrograde and transganglionic tracer for pelvic primary afferents from the urinary bladder than wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and isolectin B4-horseradish peroxidase, but in contrast to somatic nerves, it is transported mainly by unmyelinated fibres in the visceral afferents.
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PMID:Retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated cholera toxin B subunit, wheatgerm agglutinin and isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia I in primary afferent neurons innervating the rat urinary bladder. 972 57