Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pancreastatin is a peptide isolated from the porcine pancreas and shown to inhibit insulin release. We have studied the immunocytochemical distribution of pancreastatin in three porcine endocrine tissues: pancreas, gut, and adenohypophysis. Pancreastatin-specific immunoreactivity was found in all three locations and distributed to numerous cells. In the pancreas, we performed the alternate labeling of consecutive thick (immunofluorescence) or thin (protein A-gold) sections and we observed that pancreastatin colocalizes to secretory granules of insulin and somatostatin-containing cells. The relationship of pancreastatin to chromogranin A is discussed.
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PMID:Localization of pancreastatin immunoreactivity in porcine endocrine cells. 289 59

The prevalence of endocrine differentiation of conventional gastric adenocarcinoma was evaluated on the 212 cases (including 62 mucosal carcinomas) of consecutively resected stomach for adenocarcinoma in our hospital using anti-chromogranin A (CGA) antibodies. CGA-positive cells were found in 28 of 150 cases (18.7%) as an integral tumor component. In immunocytochemistry and electron microscopic examinations, we could classify these 28 cases into three groups according to the distribution patterns of CGA-positive cells. The first group consisted of 12 cases in which scattered CGA-positive cells were located in neoplastic glands. The second group consisted of six cases of scirrhous carcinoma in which CGA-positive cells were separated by fibrovascular tissue. The third group consisted of ten cases in which the positive cells were present in clusters. No definite correlation was recognized between the appearance of CGA cells and histologic types of predominance. In the analysis of the hormonal substances coexpressed by CGA-positive cells, immunoreactive serotonin (SER) was found most frequently, and somatostatin (SS), gastrin (GAS), glucagon/glicentin (GLU/GLI), and peptide-tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) like immunoreactivities were found in a few tumor cells. CGA-positive cells occupied limited parts of the tumors in most cases, and they were noticeably more frequent in advanced stage cases. This might explain why endocrine differentiation reflects the dysexpression of the neoplastic stem cells. Furthermore, absence of mitotic figures in this type of cell and negativity of a single colony composed exclusively of CGA cells in metastatic foci suggested that these cells are in a dormant phase and are probably postmitotic.
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PMID:Endocrine differentiation of gastric adenocarcinoma. The prevalence as evaluated by immunoreactive chromogranin A and its biologic significance. 304 73

We report on a patient with a carcinoid tumour of the ampulla of Vater and review the 33 known cases of the literature with regard to clinical presentation, morphology and therapy. As it is apparent from the location of the tumour, obstructive jaundice, pancreatitis and nonspecific upper abdominal complaints are the most frequent symptoms. The ampullary carcinoid belongs histogenetically to the APUD cell system with the ability of multiple endocrine activity. The expression of somatostatin peptide and neuron-specific enolase are the most common histopathological findings. A systemic function of these hormones, however, has not yet been shown. For diagnostic purposes in surgical pathology we found synaptophysin and chromogranin A to be important markers. For surgical treatment, partial duodenopancreatectomy remains the current therapy of choise, if the tumour exceeds two centimeters in diameter.
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PMID:[Carcinoid tumor of the ampulla of Vater. Morphology, diagnosis and therapy of a rare papilla tumor]. 305 8

Chromogranins A and B and secretogranin II have been localized in a wide spectrum of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine/paracrine cells. Chromogranin A immunoreactivity showed the widest distribution and was displayed by glucagon-, PP-, gastrin-, gastrin-CCK-, secretin-immunoreactive cells, the most intense stainings being peculiar of enterochromaffin cells. Chromogranin B immunoreactivity was detected in gastrin- and glucagon cells and in some enterochromaffin cells containing also chromogranin A. Secretogranin II was paired to chromogranin A in glucagon cells of pancreatic islets or occurred alone in glycentin/PP cells of colonic mucosa. Neither of the chromogranins nor secretogranin II have been so far detected in somatostatin-, GIP-, or motilin-immunoreactive cells. Chromogranin A but not chromogranin B or secretogranin II has been detected in the gastric argyrophilic ECL cells.
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PMID:Chromogranins A and B and secretogranin II in hormonally identified endocrine cells of the gut and the pancreas. 322 65

Five carcinoid tumors of the thymus were screened immunohistochemically for the occurrence of neuropeptides (ACTH, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, gastrin, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P), as well as of serotonin, chromogranin A, and neuron-specific enolase. Most of the patients exhibited local symptoms evoked by growing tumor masses in the upper mediastinum without any clinical evidence of endocrine activity. Light and electron microscopic examination showed characteristic uniform large epithelial cells in polar or palisade arrangement, containing variable amounts of electron-dense secretory granules. Only a few of the tested neuropeptide antisera reacted with the investigated tumors. Cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cell populations were seen in all tumors. Expression of neurotensin could be observed in three neoplasms, two of which also exhibited ACTH immunoreactivity. Chromogranin A-immunoreactive cells were found in two neoplasms. Neuron-specific enolase showed strong staining in three tumors, one of the tumors also being immunoreactive for calcitonin. The results were confirmed by control reactions. Apart from the demonstration that conventional marker proteins are not reliable in identifying all carcinoid tumors, the present study proves that the visualization of neuropeptide-immunoreactive cells in thymus carcinoids does not necessarily correspond to the manifestation of the clinical symptoms. Furthermore, each of the investigated neoplasms, as also known from other carcinoid tumors, appears to be able to produce more than one hormone.
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PMID:Carcinoid tumors of the thymus. An immunohistochemical study. 366 30

We have performed 100 scintigraphic investigations using [111In-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-D-Phe1]octreotide (111In-octreotide) single photon emission tomography (SPECT) in patients with carcinoid tumors. One or several lesions could be detected in 77 cases, and true negative results were obtained in 11 cases. There were false-negative results in 12 cases compared with results from conventional radiological methods. The ratio between the SPECT signals from the area with the highest uptake and normal lung was used as a tumor:background ratio. An attenuation correction was made in all investigations. We found that lesions in untreated patients had lower tumor:background ratios compared with those in patients treated with somatostatin analogues (medians, 10 and 40, respectively; P < 0.001) or IFN (median, 23; P = 0.03). In untreated patients, there was a correlation between the tumor:background ratio and the levels of urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (U-5HIAA) and p-chromogranin A. The data obtained in the present investigation indicate that somatostatin receptor expression might be influenced by the treatment; i.e., a higher tumor:background ratio is found in patients treated with either somatostatin analogues or IFN. Furthermore, it was found that somatostatin receptor expression correlates with the levels of U-5HIAA and p-chromogranin A in untreated patients, and that 111In-octreotide SPECT scintigraphy is more likely positive in patients with elevated U-5HIAA values. This indicates that somatostatin receptor expression and elevated U-5HIAA are more likely present in patients with highly differentiated tumors and, thus, could be of prognostic value.
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PMID:Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in patients with carcinoid tumors: comparison between radioligand uptake and tumor markers. 749 49

Secretoneurin is a functional neuropeptide derived from secretogranin II (chromogranin C). This proprotein is processed to varying degrees in neuroendocrine tissues. In the present study we established by gel filtration high performance liquid chromatography that in human intestinal wall and mucosa an antiserum against secretoneurin detects as the major immunoreactive moiety the free peptide secretoneurin. In the mucosa some larger immunoreactive peptides were also present, however, a significant amount of the intact proprotein secretogranin II could not be detected. By immunohistochemistry we studied the distribution of secretoneurin within the gut. Antibodies to protein gene product 9.5 and chromogranin A were used to identify all neurons and endocrine cells, respectively, whilst those to the peptides substance P, CGRP and somatostatin were used for the further characterization of individual secretoneurin-positive structures. Secretoneurin immunoreactivity was found in nerve fibres in all layers of the gut wall. In both myenteric and submucous plexuses, nerve fibres and the majority of ganglion cells were secretoneurin-immunoreactive. In the mucosa, some secretoneurin-positive nerve processes ran parallel to the basal membrane of epithelial cells, occasionally invading the epithelial layer. Secretoneurin immunoreactivity was found in endocrine cells, mostly D cells, in the following regions in descending order of density: stomach/duodenum; rectum; colon; ileum. Thus, secretoneurin is a new major peptide within the human enteric neuroendocrine system. Its presence in abundant myenteric ganglion cells may imply a role in the modulation of gastrointestinal motility. The chemotactic properties of secretoneurin and its possible localization in sensory fibres suggest that this peptide may be involved in the genesis of intestinal inflammation.
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PMID:Secretoneurin: a new peptide in the human enteric nervous system. 758 55

Histological, immunocytochemical and immunofluorescence methods were employed to study the oesophagus and stomach of the elephant. The histological findings were in line with the situation in monogastric species like swine and man. In the mucosa of the stomach, endocrine cells were immunoreactive to gastrin, somatostatin, chromogranin A and serotonin. Nerve cells immunoreactive to somatostatin, bombesin, VIP, PHI and CGRP were detected in the submucosal and myenteric plexus of the stomach. In the stomach, the absence of glucagon cells and the presence of endocrine cells immunoreactive to PYY, are in contrast to the situation in mammals and need further investigation. Small gastric ulcers were observed in some of the specimens.
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PMID:The oesophagus and stomach of the African elephant: a histological, immunocytochemical and immunofluorescence study. 759 75

The aim of the present study was to investigate immunohistochemically the distribution of chromogranin A, chromogranin B, and secretogranin II in a series of 152 neuroendocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Tumour tissues from 25 argyrophil gastric carcinoids, 18 gastrin and 5 somatostatin-producing tumours, 4 'gangliocytic paragangliomas', 49 classical argentaffin and 2 L cell appendiceal carcinoids, 27 classical ileal carcinoids, 17 rectal carcinoids, and 5 poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumours of the stomach and rectum were immunostained with antibodies against chromogranin A, chromogranin B, and secretogranin II. Chromogranin A was the major granin expressed in gastric carcinoids and in serotonin-producing carcinoids of the appendix and the ileum. In contrast, strong chromogranin B and secretogranin II immunoreactivity was found in rectal carcinoids, in which chromogranin A was rarely expressed. Since chromogranin A is a widely used marker for neuroendocrine differentiation, it is of diagnostic importance that some gastrin-producing tumours, 'gangliocytic paragangliomas', poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas, and appendiceal L cell carcinoids completely lacked chromogranin A positivity. It is concluded that the various neuroendocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract show distinctly different patterns of granin expression, probably reflecting their histogenetical origin.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical distribution of chromogranins A and B and secretogranin II in neuroendocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. 759 88

The plasma levels of chromogranin A (CGA) in patients with islet cell tumor and plasma CGA responses to administration of a somatostatin analogue (Octreotide) in two of these patients were examined in comparison with plasma pancreastatin (PST) levels. There was a significant correlation between the fasting plasma levels of CGA and PST (r = 0.6, P < 0.001). Administration of the somatostatin analogue reduced the plasma concentrations of PST and CGA within 1 h, but the responses of CGA and PST to the analogue were not parallel in either patient. Thus, the suppressive effects of the analogue on the secretions of PST and CGA may be different. The results suggest the value of the PST and CGA assays used in this study.
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PMID:Comparison of chromogranin A and pancreastatin levels in plasma of patients with pancreatic islet cell tumor. 763 Mar 18


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