Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors report a case of primary renal carcinoid in a 57-year-old woman in whom the diagnosis, established by histological findings, was confirmed by argyrophilia and immunohistochemical studies using anti-neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A, serotonin and somatostatin antibodies. The clinical and pathological features of this rare renal tumor are discussed.
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PMID:[Primary carcinoid tumor of the kidney. Apropos of a case with immunohistochemical study]. 130 16

The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of a long-term and a short-term treatment regimen with 15-R-15-methyl prostaglandin E2 and natural prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on the endocrine cell populations of the rat pancreas. Graded oral doses of the analogue (5 and 50 micrograms/kg) and PGE2 (5000 micrograms/kg) were given twice daily for 4 weeks. The pancreas was carefully excised and weighed. Sections from randomly taken pancreatic biopsy specimens were processed for immunohistochemistry or hematoxylin and eosin staining before quantitative estimations were made, using stereologic methods. The total pancreatic volumes of insulin-, glucagon-, polypeptide P-, somatostatin-, and chromogranin A-immunoreactive cells were not affected by E2 prostaglandins. Neither the total volume of the islets of Langerhans nor that of the pancreatic cell nuclei was affected. The size of pancreatic cell nuclei was the same in the groups. The plasma levels of the antitrophic peptide somatostatin were significantly increased in rats treated with doses of both the analogue and PGE2 (p less than 0.05). In an additional short-term study rats were given oral placebo or 5000 micrograms/kg PGE2 twice daily for 5 days. The total endocrine pancreatic volume was not affected by PGE2. As in the long-term study, natural PGE2 did not affect the total pancreas volume or the total volume of pancreatic cell nuclei. These findings indicate that E2 prostaglandins produce no changes in the exocrine or endocrine pancreas in a dose range known to induce hyperplasia in the gastrointestinal epithelium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Trophic doses of E2 prostaglandins do not influence the exocrine and endocrine pancreas in the presence of high levels of plasma somatostatin. 134 56

Various endocrine cells can be stained by the argyrophil reaction of Grimelius. This silver stain has recently been attributed to chromogranin A, an acidic glycoprotein, that is present in many endocrine cells. Using serial sections of plastic-embedded tissues (adrenal medulla, pancreas, gastric mucosa) various endocrine cells were investigated for their content of chromogranin A immunoreactivity and for their argyrophilia. The findings in four species (man, cattle, pig, guinea pig) showed that chromogranin A immunoreactivity and argyrophil stain partly overlap in identical endocrine cells, but do not necessarily coincide in the majority of endocrine cells. We found that endocrine cells could be positive for chromogranin A and argyrophilia (e.g., aminergic endocrine cells); or positive for chromogranin A but negative for argyrophilia (e.g., insulin cells of all species; somatostatin cells of cattle and pig); or negative for chromogranin A but positive for argyrophilia (e.g., glucagon cells of pig and guinea pig); or negative for chromogranin A and argyrophilia (e.g., somatostatin cells of man and guinea pig). Such heterogeneities of the staining pattern for chromogranin A and argyrophil silver reaction were also observed in individual endocrine cells of a given population (e.g., gastrin cells). Hence, although recent dot-blot tests have shown that chromogranin A is an argyrophilic substance, in tissue sections chromogranin A immunostaining and Grimelius' silver staining did not coincide in various endocrine cells, for unknown reasons. Therefore, it is recommended to use both chromogranin A immunohistochemistry and the classical Grimelius' silver stain to "mark" that vast majority of endocrine cells in tissue sections.
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PMID:Chromogranin A immunoreactivity and Grimelius' argyrophilia. A correlative study in mammalian endocrine cells. 134 63

The aim of this study is to describe the presence of neuroendocrine (NE) cells (paraneurons), producing biogenic amines and/or peptidergic hormones, in the female urethra of cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses, by means of histochemical and double labeling immunofluorescent techniques. 5-Hydroxy-tryptamine-, chromogranin A-, cholecystokinin- and somatostatin-containing NE cells are present in the urethral epithelium of all the species studied, with the unique exception of the lack of somatostatin cells in the horse. Paraneurons containing 5-hydroxytryptamine colocalized with chromogranin A or cholecystokinin were also found in all subjects. Such active substances are hypothesized to play a role in the contraction of the urethral musculature, emission of urogenital fluids, and inhibition of endocrine and exocrine secretions.
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PMID:Immunocytochemistry of paraneurons in the female urethra of the horse, cattle, sheep, and pig. 135 70

Our aim was to study the effects of long-term oral administration of different doses of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and of a synthetic analogue on the endocrine cells and on selected epithelial cells of the rat oxyntic mucosa. The endocrine cells were visualized by immunohistochemical staining and by the Sevier-Munger method. Quantification of the mucosal cells was performed at a light-microscopic level using stereological methods. The highest dose of 15-R-15-methylprostaglandin E2 (MePGE2) increased the total volume of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell profiles whereas no changes were observed after treatment with PGE2. On the other hand, the total mucosal volume of chromogranin A-immunoreactive cells was significantly reduced by both doses of natural PGE2. The highest dose of PGE2 increased the total volume of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells. The serotonin-immunoreactive cells were very few and unaffected by treatments. E2 prostaglandins induced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of epithelial cells. A selective trophic action on the mucous but not on the parietal cells was observed. The area of the parietal cells was increased in rats treated with the analogue. The gastric acid content was increased in rats treated with the highest doses of E2 prostaglandins. The plasma level of somatostatin was significantly increased in rats given MePGE2 and the highest dose of PGE2. The cell population of chromogranin A-immunoreactive cells did not reach the levels of the NECL cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Oral prostaglandin E2 influences the enterochromaffin-like and somatostatin cell populations in the oxyntic mucosa of the rat. 135 91

The presence of nerve-like fibers in the human thymus was studied by immunohistochemistry on frozen tissue sections and sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, for neurofilaments (Nf) of 68-, 160-, and 200-kDa (neuron-specific structural proteins), neuron-specific protein PGP9.5, tyrosin hydroxylase (noradrenergic innervation), chromogranin A (CHROM), synaptophysin (SYN), and the pituitary hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and its beta-subunit, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, beta-subunit of thyroid-stimulating hormone, and somatostatin. Noradrenergic profile-like immunoreactivity was observed in the medulla: immunolabeling was observed also for epithelial cells surrounding Hassall's corpuscles. For neurofilaments, only Nf 160-kDa immunoreactivity was observed in the thymic parenchyma, mainly in long-sized labeling patterns in the medulla. PGP9.5 immunolabeling occurred especially in the cortex, in dendritic labeling patterns compatible with the epithelial network at this location. The medulla showed PGP9.5 immunoreactivity in fiber-like patterns and in large-sized epithelial cells surrounding Hassall's corpuscles. Immunoreactive CHROM was seen in profile-like structures in the subcapsule, cortex, and medulla. SYN immunolabeling occurred focally around Hassall's corpuscles. Profile-like structures immunoreactive for pituitary hormones were observed in the medulla and in less density in the cortex. For FSH the highest density occurred in the cortex, where long-sized profile-like structures were present running over and in between cells, especially in the keratin-positive epithelial dendritic network (two-color immunohistochemistry).
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PMID:The neural and neuro-endocrine component of the human thymus. I. Nerve-like structures. 139 99

Biopsy specimens from lesional psoriatic skin and from normal controls were investigated by immunohistochemistry for the presence of epidermal Merkel cells (MC). MC were defined as epidermal cells expressing simple-type keratins, i.e. nos. 8, 18, and 19. A significant number of MC could be found at the bottom of the rete ridges of psoriatic lesions (about 19.6 MC per square mm skin surface area) and of normal skin (about 14.0 MC per square mm surface area). In contrast to normal skin, MC of psoriatic lesions were positive for synaptophysin (21.7% of simple-type keratin positive epidermal cells, i.e. MC), pancreatic polypeptide (14.8%), somatostatin (7.0%), and chromogranin A (less than 3%). The immunostaining was rather faint though significantly different from normal skin. The findings suggest that in psoriasis, epidermal MC show variations of the expression of neuropeptides compared to normal skin. Since some of the neuropeptides are thought to be involved in hyperproliferation and/or skin immunology, our findings might suggest a functional activity of epidermal MC in psoriatic lesions different from normal controls.
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PMID:Epidermal Merkel cells in psoriatic lesions: immunohistochemical investigations on neuroendocrine antigen expression. 149 93

Gallbladder carcinoid tumor seen in a 62-year-old woman is described. The neoplasm with typical histologic features of classic carcinoid tumor was a 10 x 8 x 3 mm polyp at the neck of the gallbladder. The argyrophilic tumor cells were diffusely immunoreactive for neuron-specific enolase, cystatin C, chromogranin A and pancreatic polypeptide. A few cells were further positive for somatostatin. The presence of neurosecretory-type granules was confirmed ultrastructurally. The clinicopathologic significance of polypoid presentation of gallbladder carcinoid tumor is emphasized.
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PMID:Pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive gallbladder carcinoid tumor. 156 82

We studied the distribution of mucosal neuroendocrine (NE) cells in the colon from 13 patients with Hirschsprung's disease (HD) and from 8 controls. Immunohistochemical studies were carried out using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against chromogranin A and synaptophysin (general markers of NE cells), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (a marker of amine), peptide YY (PYY), and somatostatin (markers of neuropeptides). Chromogranin A immunoreactive cells were significantly increased in the aganglionic bowel compared with ganglionic bowel and controls (P less than .05). There was an increase in the number of synaptophysin immunoreactive cells in the aganglionic bowel compared with ganglionic bowel and controls but the results were not statistically significant. 5-HT immunoreactive cells were also significantly increased in the aganglionic bowel compared with ganglionic bowel and controls (P less than .05). The immunostaining for PYY demonstrated abundance of this NE cell type in the aganglionic bowel and this was highly significant compared with ganglionic bowel and controls (P less than .001). There was a significant increase in somatostatin immunoreactive cells in the aganglionic bowel compared with ganglionic bowel (P less than .01). The increase in neuroendocrine cells was found over the entire length of the aganglionic segment in rectosigmoid HD as well as in long-segment HD. These results demonstrating the increased levels of NE cells in the mucosa of aganglionic colon suggest that the NE cells may have a role in regulating the sustained contraction of the aganglionic intestine in HD.
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PMID:Mucosal neuroendocrine cell abnormalities in the colon of patients with Hirschsprung's disease. 164 Mar 25

Pancreatic tumours of transgenic mice carrying a glucagon-promoted simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen oncogene have been analysed by histological, histochemical, ultrastructural and radioimmunological means. Seven transgenic mice were examined revealing dysplastic and neoplastic lesions in the endocrine pancreas. Four tumours were identified, one of which metastasized to periadrenal spaces and paravertebral lymph nodes. Benign tumours were composed of argyrophilic, endocrine cells reactive to a range of antibodies against neuroendocrine markers (neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, chromogranin A, synaptophysin and protein 7B2) and different fragments of the proglucagon molecule (glucagon, glicentin, glucagon-like polypeptides 1 and 2). A few tumour cells expressed pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin or insulin. Conventional ultrastructural analysis and immunogold labelling revealed typical glucagon-immunoreactive alpha granules which co-stored glicentin and glucagon-like polypeptides 1 and 2. The malignant primary tumour and its metastases were composed mainly of cells which did not show immunoreactivity for neuroendocrine markers or peptides. Atypical, glucagon-immunogold labelled granules were detected at electron microscopy in differentiated tumour cells and C-type retroviral particles in the largest tumour population of degranulated cells. The transgene-encoded oncoprotein SV40 large T-antigen was detected in the nuclei of well-differentiated tumour cells and in alpha cells of some dysplastic islets. All tumour-bearing mice showed high levels of circulating glucagon-like immunoreactivity. Transgenic mice harbouring the glucagon-promoted SV40 T antigen oncogene may provide a model for human glucagonoma.
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PMID:Glucagonomas of transgenic mice express a wide range of general neuroendocrine markers and bioactive peptides. 167 63


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