UNIPROT:P61278 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although Rolling mouse Nagoya (RMN) has been considered to demonstrate cerebellar dysfunction, our previous metabolic and electrophysiological studies also revealed a dysfunction of the basal ganglia, with the presumable primary site of dysfunction being the striatum. In the present study, we investigated the neurochemical functions of the striatum. In RMN, both preproenkephalin mRNA and preprotachykinin mRNA increased significantly in the striatum, with unaltered GAD mRNA, [(3)H]spiperone binding, [(3)H]QNB binding and preprosomatostatin mRNA, thus indicating the dysfunction of striatal projection neurons. These findings support the hypothesis that the site of primary dysfunction in the basal ganglia is in the striatum of RMN.
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PMID:Increased preproenkephalin mRNA and preprotachykinin mRNA in the striatum of Rolling mouse Nagoya. 886 30

NMDA receptors are composed of proteins from two families: NMDAR1, which are required for channel activity, and NMDAR2, which modulate properties of the channels. The mRNA encoding the NMDAR2D subunit has a highly restricted pattern of expression: in the forebrain, it is found in only a small subset of cortical, neostriatal and hippocampal neurons. We have used a quantitative double-label in situ hybridization method to examine the expression of NMDAR2D mRNA in neurochemically defined populations of neurons. In the neostriatum, NMDAR2D was expressed by the interneuron populations marked by preprosomatostatin (SOM), the 67-kDa form of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67), parvalbumin (PARV), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNAs but not by the projection neurons expressing beta-preprotachykinin (SP) or preproenkephalin (ENK) mRNAs. In the neocortex, NMDAR2D expression was observed in only a small number of neurons, but these included almost all of the SOM-, GAD67-, and PARV-expressing interneurons. In the hippocampus, NMDAR2D was not present in pyramidal or granule cells, but was abundant in SOM-, GAD67-, and PARV-positive interneurons. NMDAR2D expression appears to be a property shared by interneurons in several regions of the brain. The unique electrophysiological characteristics conveyed by this subunit, which include resistance to blockade by magnesium ion and long channel offset latencies, may be important for the integrative functions of these neurons. NMDAR2D-containing receptor complexes may prove to be important therapeutic targets in human disorders of movement. In addition, the presence of NMDAR2D subunits may contribute to the differential vulnerability of interneurons to excitotoxic injury.
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PMID:Expression of NMDAR2D glutamate receptor subunit mRNA in neurochemically identified interneurons in the rat neostriatum, neocortex and hippocampus. 891 84

This study was designed to investigate the distribution of noradrenaline (NE)- and peptide-containing nerves in the testis of the boar. Testes, as well as caput and cauda epididymides from five 5 week-old and 3 adult boars were sectioned and immunostained with antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), Leu-enkephalin (L-ENK) and somatostatin (SOM). In addition, double-labelling immunofluorescence method was used to disclose the pattern of co-existence of these substances in the nerve fibres. The most abundant innervation was found in the cauda epididymidis, and the density of the nerves distinctly decreased towards the caput epididymidis. The testicular parenchyma and caput epididymidis was supplied with very scattered TH-, D beta H-, NPY-, VIP-, SP-, CGRP-, L-ENK- and SOM-containing nerve fibres. The present study has demonstrated for the first time the existence of CGRP, L-ENK and SOM in nerve fibres innervating the testis of a vertebrate species. Different subpopulations of nerve fibres, including TH+/D beta H+, D beta H+/NPY+, D beta H-/NPY+, D beta H+/NPY-, D beta H+/VIP+, D beta H-/VIP+, D beta H+/SP+, D beta H-/SP+, D beta H+/L-ENK+ D beta H-/L-ENK+, D beta H+/SOM+ and D beta H-/SOM+, were localized and documented.
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PMID:Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of the testis and epididymis in the male pig. 909 May 7

Specific antibodies were produced against C-terminal portions of rat preprodynorphin (PPD), preproenkephalin (PPE), and preprotachykinin A (PPT). PPD, PPE, and PPT C-terminal immunoreactivity was observed in many cell bodies of medium-sized neurons in the rat neostriatum (caudate-putamen). Intense PPE immunoreactivity was found in neuropil of the globus pallidus, whereas intense to moderate PPD and PPT immunoreactivity was distributed in neuropil of the substantia nigra and the entopeduncular nucleus. A double-immunofluorescence analysis revealed that PPE-immunoreactive neostriatal neurons rarely showed immunoreactivity for PPD (<1%) or PPT (<2%). In contrast, more than 95% of PPD-immunoreactive neostriatal neurons showed PPT immunoreactivity, and vice versa. No PPD-, PPE-, or PPT-immunoreactive neostriatal neurons showed immunoreactivity for the markers of neostriatal intrinsic neurons, such as calretinin, choline acetyltransferase, parvalbumin, or somatostatin. When tetramethylrhodamine-dextran amine (TMR-DA) was injected into the substantia nigra, almost all neurons that were labeled retrogradely with TMR-DA showed immunoreactivity for PPD (98%) or PPT (99%), but very few of them exhibited PPE immunoreactivity (1%). After injection of TMR-DA into the globus pallidus, 86%, 17%, and 10% of the retrogradely labeled neurons showed immunoreactivity for PPE, PPD, and PPT, respectively. These results support the notion that the neostriatal projection neurons are divided into at least two groups: The projection neurons of one group contain enkephalins and send projection fibers almost exclusively to the globus pallidus, and the others contain tachykinins and dynorphins/Leu-enkephalin and send projection fibers mainly to the substantia nigra.
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PMID:Preprodynorphin-, preproenkephalin-, and preprotachykinin-expressing neurons in the rat neostriatum: an analysis by immunocytochemistry and retrograde tracing. 929 49

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) can be divided into three groups based on sequence homology and pharmacology. We studied expression of group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) in identified neurons of the rat neostriatum, neocortex, and hippocampus using in situ hybridization. Tissue sections were hybridized with radiolabeled RNA probes for mGluR1 or mGluR5 and digoxygenin labeled RNA probes detecting somatostatin (SOM), preproenkephalin (ENK), preprotachykinin (SP), glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), parvalbumin (PARV), or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA. In the striatum, mGluR1 hybridization signal was observed in all six neuronal populations. The strongest signal was found in SP-positive neurons, with a lower signal in ENK-positive neurons. All striatal interneurons were labeled less intensely than ENK- and SP-positive projection neurons. For striatal mGluR5 mRNA, both SP- and ENK-positive projection neurons were intensely labeled, but only GAD67-positive interneurons exhibited a significant signal. In the neocortex and hippocampus, mGluR1 and mGluR5 hybridization signals were studied in SOM-, GAD67-, and PARV-positive neurons. Hybridization signal for mGluR1 mRNA was intense in SOM-positive neurons of the cortex, CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus, and weaker in GAD67-positive neurons of CA3 and dentate gyrus. MGluR5 signals were intensely labeled in SOM-, GAD67- and PARV-positive neuronal populations of the cortex and hippocampus. SOM-positive neurons were more intensely labeled in the hippocampus than cortex.
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PMID:Expression of group one metabotropic glutamate receptor subunit mRNAs in neurochemically identified neurons in the rat neostriatum, neocortex, and hippocampus. 933 23

The present paper deals with the origin and neurochemical characteristics of autonomic postganglionic and sensory nerve fibres supplying the mammalian vas deferens. The vas deferens is innervated by postganglionic nerve fibres originating primarily from neurons in pelvic ganglia and, to a lesser extent, from neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglion and sympathetic chain ganglia as well as by sensory nerve fibres arising from dorsal root ganglia. Three major populations of nerve terminals innervating the organ can be distinguished: (1) noradrenergic fibres; (2) cholinergic fibres containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, nitric oxide synthase, and (in the pig) somatostatin, supplying particularly the lamina propria; and (3) non-noradrenergic, presumably sensory fibres, containing calcitonin gene-related peptide and/or substance P. The population of noradrenergic nerves is the most common. In the pig, it can be divided into three subpopulations: a somatostatin-containing, a Leu-enkephalin-containing and a subpopulation immunonegative to these peptides, in descending order of magnitude. In the rat, guinea-pig, and man, NPY seems to be the most common peptide occurring in the noradrenergic axons. In the pig, coexistence patterns of the substances existing within nerve fibres supplying the vas deferens blood vessels are clearly different from those found in nerve fibres innervating the organ wall. The majority of the noradrenergic fibres associated with blood vessels contain neuropeptide Y only, while non-noradrenergic perivascular nerves contain predominantly vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The possibility of different sources of origin of the particular nerve fibre subpopulations supplying the mammalian vas deferens and its blood vessels is discussed.
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PMID:Origin and neurochemical characteristics of nerve fibres supplying the mammalian vas deferens. 981 48

NMDA receptors are composed of proteins from two families: NMDAR1 and NMDAR2. We used quantitative double-label in situ hybridization to examine in rat brain the expression of NMDAR1, NMDAR2A, NMDAR2B, and NMDAR2C mRNA in six neurochemically defined populations of striatal neurons: preproenkephalin (ENK) and preprotachykinin (SP) expressing projection neurons, and somatostatin (SOM), glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), parvalbumin (PARV), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expressing interneurons. NMDAR1 was expressed by all striatal neurons: strongly in ENK, SP, PARV and ChAT neurons, and less intensely in SOM and GAD67 positive cells. NMDAR2A mRNA was present at moderate levels in all striatal neurons except those containing ChAT. Labeling for NMDAR2B was strong in projection neurons and ChAT interneurons, and only moderate in SOM, GAD67 and PARV interneurons. NMDAR2C was scarce in striatal neurons, but a low level signal was detected in GAD67 positive cells. NMDAR2C expression was also observed in small cells not labeled by any of the markers, most likely glia. These data suggest that all striatal neurons have NMDA receptors, but different populations have different subunit compositions which may affect function as well as selective vulnerability.
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PMID:Expression of NMDA glutamate receptor subunit mRNAs in neurochemically identified projection and interneurons in the striatum of the rat. 988

Retrograde labelling was combined with immunohistochemistry to localize neurons containing choline acetyltransferase, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, serotonin, somatostatin, Leu-enkephalin, neurotensin, and substance P-immunoreactivity in neurons projecting to the supramammillary nucleus in the rat. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the supramammillary nucleus resulted in retrogradely labelled neurons in the medial septal nucleus, the nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca, the infralimbic cortex, the medial and lateral preoptic nucleus, the subiculum, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, the compact subnucleus of the central superior nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus. In the medial septal nucleus and in the nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca, 80-85% of WGA-HRP- labelled neurons (30-40 per section) were also immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase and small numbers of WGA-HRP-labelled neurons were immunoreactive for GABA, glutamate, neurotensin or substance P. In the medial preoptic nucleus, 85-90% of retrogradely labelled neurons (25-30 per section) were immunoreactive for somatostatin and a few WGA-HRP-labelled neurons displayed neurotensin-immunoreactivity. In the rostroventral part of the subiculum, small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons were also immunoreactive for neurotensin or for glutamate. In the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, 90% of WGA-HRP-labelled neurons (20-25 per section) were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase and small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons also displayed substance P immunoreactivity. In the compact subnucleus of the central superior nucleus, 50-60% of retrogradely labelled neurons (15-20 per section) were also immunolabelled for GABA and approximately 30-40% of WGA-HRP-labelled neurons (10-12 per section) were immunoreactive for Leu-enkephalin. The compact subnucleus of the central superior nucleus also contained small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons that displayed neurotensin immunoreactivity. In the dorsal raphe nucleus, 80-85% of WGA-HRP- labelled neurons (30-40 per section) were also immunoreactive for serotonin and small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons displayed neurotensin or glutamate immunoreactivity. These results suggest that the multiple neurochemicals contained in ascending and descending projections to the SuM participate in complex interactions in the transmission process of SuM neurons.
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PMID:Neurotransmitter characteristics of neurons projecting to the supramammillary nucleus of the rat. 1046 Apr 75

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are composed of subunits from two families: NR1 and NR2. We used a dual-label in situ hybridization technique to assess the levels of NR1 and NR2A-D messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expressed in projection neurons and interneurons of the human striatum. The neuronal populations were identified with digoxigenin-tagged complementary RNA probes for preproenkephalin (ENK) and substance P (SP) targeted to striatal projection neurons, and somatostatin (SOM), glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 kD (GAD(67)), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) targeted to striatal interneurons. Intense NR1 signals were found over all striatal neurons. NR2A signals were high over GAD(67)-positive neurons and intermediate over SP-positive neurons. ENK-positive neurons displayed low NR2A signals, whereas ChAT- and SOM-positive neurons were unlabeled. NR2B signals were intense over all neuronal populations in striatum. Signals for NR2C and NR2D were weak. Only ChAT-positive neurons displayed moderate signals, whereas all other interneurons and projection neurons were unlabeled. Moderate amounts of NR2D signal were detected over SOM- and ChAT-positive neurons; GAD(67)- and SP-positive striatal neurons displayed low and ENK-positive neurons displayed no NR2D hybridization signal. These data suggest that all human striatal neurons have NMDA receptors, but different populations have different subunit compositions that may affect function as well as selective vulnerability.
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PMID:Expression of NMDA receptor subunit mRNAs in neurochemically identified projection and interneurons in the human striatum. 1074 12

Double-label in situ hybridization was used to identify the phenotypes of striatal neurons that express mRNA for cannabinoid CB(1) receptors. Simultaneous detection of multiple mRNAs was performed by combining a (35)S-labeled ribonucleotide probe for CB(1) mRNA with digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes for striatal projection neurons (preprotachykinin A, prodynorphin, and preproenkephalin mRNAs) and interneurons (vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), somatostatin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase (Mr 67,000; GAD67) mRNAs). To ascertain whether CB(1) mRNA was a marker for striatal efferents, digoxigenin-labeled probes for mRNA markers of both striatonigral (prodynorphin or preprotachykinin A mRNAs), and striatopallidal (proenkephalin mRNAs) projection neurons were combined with the (35)S-labeled probe for CB(1). A mediolateral gradient in CB(1) mRNA expression was observed at rostral and mid-striatal levels; in the same coronal sections the number of silver grains per cell ranged from below the threshold of detectability at the medial and ventral poles to saturation at the dorsolateral boundary bordered by the corpus callosum. At the caudal level examined, CB(1) mRNA was denser in the ventral sector relative to the dorsal sector. Virtually all neurons expressing mRNA markers for striatal projection neurons colocalized CB(1) mRNA. Combining a (35)S-labeled riboprobe for CB(1) with digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes for both preproenkephalin and prodynorphin confirmed localization of CB(1) mRNA to striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons expressing prodynorphin and preproenkephalin mRNAs, respectively. However, CB(1) mRNA-positive cells that failed to coexpress the other markers were also apparent. CB(1) mRNA was localized to putative GABAergic interneurons that express high levels of GAD67 mRNA. These interneurons enable functional interactions between the direct and indirect striatal output pathways. By contrast, aspiny interneurons that express preprosomatostatin mRNA and cholinergic interneurons that coexpress ChAT and VAChT mRNAs were CB(1) mRNA-negative. The present data provide direct evidence that cannabinoid receptors are synthesized in striatonigral neurons that contain dynorphin and substance P and striatopallidal neurons that contain enkephalin. By contrast, local circuit neurons in striatum that contain somatostatin or acetylcholine do not synthesize cannabinoid receptors. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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PMID:Localization of cannabinoid CB(1) receptor mRNA in neuronal subpopulations of rat striatum: a double-label in situ hybridization study. 1084 53

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