Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine whether somatostatin inhibits glucagon secretion directly at the pancreatic level and to study quantitatively the relative effects of somatostatin on glucagon and insulin secretion, the effects of various concentrations of somatostatin on glucagon and insulin release from the in vitro perfused rat pancreas in response to arginine (14.2 mM), isoproterenol (2 mg/ml) and theophylline (10 MM) were studied. Glucagon and insulin responses to arginine were progressively inhibited by somatostatin over a concentration range from 0.1-100 ng/ml. At all doses, somatostatin caused greater inhibition of glucagon secretion than of insulin secretion. Approximately 4 ng/ml somatostatin reduced glucagon responses 50%, whereas 90 ng/ml was required to produce comparable inhibition of insulin responses. Glucagon responses to isoproterenol, an activator of adenylate cyclase, and to theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, were completely abolished by 100 ng/ml somatostatin. Isoproterenol did cause insulin release in this system, but insulin responses to theophylline were diminished by somatostatin. The present studies thus indicate that somatostatin is a potent inhibitor of both glucagon and insulin secretion and indicate that it acts directly on the pancreatic alpha and beta cells. Glucagon secretion is approximately 20 times more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of somatostatin than is insulin secretion. Furthermore, the present results suggest that somatostatin may act by modifying cAMP-dependent systems rather than by altering cAMP levels.
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PMID:Inhibition by somatostatin of glucagon and insulin release from the perfused rat pancreas in response to arginine, isoproterenol and theophylline: evidence for a preferential effect on glucagon secretion. 111 81

NG108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells and S49 lymphoma cells exhibit an enhancement in adenylyl cyclase activity after chronic treatment with receptor agonists that acutely inhibit the enzyme. Using agonists that activate five distinct inhibitory receptors in NG108-15 cells, we have found that there is a correlation between the extent of acute inhibition of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-stimulated cAMP accumulation and efficacy for induction of enhanced PGE1 stimulation of cAMP accumulation after chronic treatment and withdrawal. Chronic treatment with dideoxyadenosine, which acutely inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity by a mechanism independent or cell surface receptors or pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins, did not induce enhanced PGE1 stimulation of cAMP accumulation in NG108-15 cells or forskolin stimulation of cAMP accumulation in S49 cells. While control basal cAMP concentrations were acutely decreased by carbachol in NG108-15 cells and by somatostatin in S49 cells, when the cAMP concentrations were maintained above the control basal values with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, chronic treatment with these inhibitory drugs nonetheless resulted in enhanced cAMP responses in both NG108-15 and S49 cells. These results provide evidence that the initial decrement in cAMP concentrations caused by inhibitory drug is not the requisite signal for inducing the subsequent sensitization of adenylyl cyclase in NG108-15 and S49 cells but that activation of a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein is involved in the development of this important adaptation.
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PMID:Adaptive increase in adenylyl cyclase activity in NG108-15 and S49 cells induced by chronic treatment with inhibitory drugs is not due to a decrease in cyclic AMP concentrations. 132 99

A number of regulatory peptides were investigated for their ability to elevate plasma cAMP. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP)-27, PACAP-38, helodermin, helospectin I and II, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), glucagon, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide were among the peptides that were highly effective in raising plasma cAMP when given intravenously in equimolar doses to conscious mice. PACAP-27 and -38 were more effective than any of the other peptides. PACAP 16-38, secretin, gastrin-17, galanin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin-8s, pancreatic polypeptide, substance P, peptide YY and neuropeptide Y were inactive and also did not interfere with the PACAP-27-evoked rise in plasma cAMP levels. Repeated injections of PACAP-27 every 30 min caused a progressive reduction in the plasma cAMP response (measured 5 min after each injection). Forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, dose-dependently raised the plasma concentration of cAMP and displayed a synergistic effect when given in a low dose concurrently with PTH or PACAP-38. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram dose-dependently raised the plasma concentration of cAMP. Combined treatment with PACAP-27 and a threshold dose of rolipram resulted in an exaggerated plasma cAMP response. Kidney hilus ligation suppressed the responses to PACAP-38, PTH, helodermin, helospectin, VIP, glucagon and calcitonin. Hepatectomy suppressed the response to glucagon but was without effect on the response to the other peptides. Pancreatectomy and spleenectomy reduced the response to VIP, but was without effect on the response to the other peptides. PACAP-27 stimulated cAMP efflux from the isolated rat tail vein. Hence, it cannot be excluded that blood vessels contribute to the peptide evoked plasma cAMP response in vivo.
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PMID:Neuropeptides of the vasoactive intestinal peptide/helodermin/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide family elevate plasma cAMP in mice: comparison with a range of other regulatory peptides. 133 41

The effect of the somatostatin analog octreotide on cAMP-mediated calcitonin (CT) secretion and cAMP accumulation in C-cells was investigated. Glucagon stimulated cAMP accumulation and CT secretion with a maximal effect at a concentration of 10(-6) M. The cAMP antagonist RpcAMPs blocked the glucagon-induced CT secretion down to control levels. Therefore, no other second messengers seem to be involved in glucagon-stimulated CT secretion. Octreotide in increasing doses (10(-9) to 10(-6) M) inhibited cAMP accumulation and CT secretion with a maximal effect at a concentration of 10(-7) (40% and 29% of control values, respectively). Pretreatment of the cells with 100 ng/mL pertussis toxin for 24 hours abolished the inhibitory effect of octreotide on cAMP accumulation and CT secretion (82% and 58% of control values, respectively). Similar results were obtained under the influence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX. Therefore, we conclude that somatostatin modulates adenylate cyclase-coupled CT secretion in C-cells via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein possibly in an autocrine/paracrine way.
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PMID:Somatostatin acts via a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism on calcitonin secretion in C-cells. 136 26

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulated cyclic AMP production in rat peritoneal macrophages. The stimulatory effect of VIP was dependent on time, temperature and cell concentration, and was potentiated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). At 15 degrees C, the response occurred in the 0.1-1000 nM range of VIP concentrations. Half maximal stimulation of cellular cyclic AMP (ED50) was obtained at 1.2 +/- 0.5 nM VIP, and maximal stimulation (about 3-fold basal level) was obtained between 100-1000 nM. The cyclic AMP system of rat peritoneal macrophages showed a high specificity for VIP. The order of potency observed in inducing cyclic AMP production was VIP greater than rGRF greater than hGRF greater than PHI greater than secretin. Glucagon, insulin, pancreastatin and octapeptide of cholecystokinin did not modify cyclic AMP levels at concentrations as high as 1 microM. The beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol increased the cyclic AMP production and show additive effect with VIP. Somatostatin inhibits the accumulation of cyclic AMP in the presence of both vasoactive intestinal peptide and isoproterenol. The finding of a VIP-stimulated cyclic AMP system in rat peritoneal macrophages, together with the previous characterization of high-affinity receptors for VIP in the same cell preparation, strongly suggest that VIP may be involved in the regulation of macrophage function.
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PMID:Stimulatory effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on cyclic AMP production in rat peritoneal macrophages. 137 99

The involvement of cAMP- and calcium-dependent pathways on the inhibitory effect of CsA (0.5 micrograms/ml) on insulin and glucagon release was studied in collagenase-isolated islets. CsA suppressed by 50% the release of insulin in pertussis toxin treated islets stimulated by 20 mM D-glucose. CsA blocked glucagon and insulin release induced by 0.2 mM IBMX (80% and 50% respectively). Similarly it inhibited glucagon and insulin release induced by 1 microM A23187 (53% and 40% respectively). CsA also abolished 0.1 microM glucagon-induced insulin release and 10 ng/ml VIP-induced glucagon release (70% and 38% respectively). The glucagon response to 2 mM D-glucose and to 10 mM arginine was decreased 25% and 45% respectively by CsA. The inhibitory effect of 0.1 microM somatostatin on insulin release was significantly abolished by CsA (p less than 0.001 vs control). On the other hand 1 microM forskolin induced insulin and glucagon release was not modified by CsA. Rats treated with CsA (10 mg/kg body wt) during 10 days showed hyperglycaemia, hypoglucagonemia and higher contents of pancreatic glucagon. It is concluded that CsA affects alpha- and beta-cell function, in vivo and in vitro, acting through calcium and cAMP-dependent pathways. This latter pathway involves the Ca(2+)-calmodulin dependent phosphodiesterase and the regulatory proteins Gs and Gi.
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PMID:Mechanisms of action of cyclosporin A on islet alpha- and beta-cells. Effects on cAMP- and calcium-dependent pathways. 166 May 57

The increase in hormone-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation observed in a variety of intact cells after chronic pretreatment with drugs that inhibit adenylate cyclase activity has been attributed to an increase in adenylate cyclase activity following withdrawal of the inhibitory drug. In NG 108-15 mouse neuroblastoma X rat glioma hybrid cells (NG cells) chronically treated with the muscarinic cholinergic agonist carbachol, we have found a significant decrease in the apparent degradation rate constant for cyclic AMP, in addition to an increase in the prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-stimulated cyclic AMP synthesis rate in intact cells. In carbachol-pretreated NG cells that were stimulated with a maximally effective dose of PGE1, and that accumulated steady-state cyclic AMP concentrations fourfold or more higher than in control cells, the apparent rate constant for degradation was about 53% lower than the value for control cells. In carbachol-pretreated cells stimulated with a submaximal dose of PGE1 to yield a steady-state cyclic AMP concentration comparable to control cells, the apparent rate constant was 31% lower than the value for control cells. In S49 mouse lymphoma cells (S49 cells) chronically treated with an analog of the inhibitory agonist somatostatin, the first-order rate constant for cyclic AMP degradation in intact cells following isoproterenol stimulation was 29% lower than the value for control cells. Despite these changes in the kinetics of cyclic AMP degradation in intact NG cells and S49 cells, there was either no change or a minimal change (less than 10%) in phosphodiesterase activities assayed in extracts of cells chronically exposed to inhibitory drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Decreased cyclic AMP degradation in NG 108-15 neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells and S49 lymphoma cells chronically treated with drugs that inhibit adenylate cyclase. 168 17

Somatostatin (SRIF) reduces growth hormone releasing hormone (GRF)-stimulated growth hormone (GH) release from avian and mammalian adenohypophyseal cells. The present studies examined the intracellular mechanisms mediating SRIF inhibition of GRF-stimulated GH release from chicken pituitary cells. Increases (P less than 0.05) in GH release were observed in the presence of (1) GRF; (2) the adenylyl cyclase stimulator, forskolin; (3) a cAMP analog, 8-bromo-cAMP; (4) the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-l-methyl-xanthine (IBMX) combined with GRF; (5) a tumor-promoting phorbol ester and protein kinase C activator, phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA); (6) a diacylglycerol analog, 1,2-dioctanoyl-glycerol (DiC8); and (7) a calcium ionophore, A23187, alone and in combination with PMA. Somatostatin (10 ng/ml) reduced the release of GH stimulated by GRF, forskolin, and 8-bromo cAMP and the GRF-provoked release of GH in the presence of IBMX (P less than 0.05). Somatostatin, however, did not influence GH release in the presence of the protein kinase C activators, PMA or DiC8, or the calcium ionophore A23187. These data suggest that SRIF inhibits GRF-provoked GH release by reducing the ability of the cAMP-protein kinase A but not of the calcium or protein kinase C intracellular message pathways to stimulate GH release.
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PMID:Possible involvement of adenylyl cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase a pathway in somatostatin inhibition of growth hormone release from chicken pituitary cells. 170 26

Regulation of blood glucose homeostasis is complex. Its major hormonal regulators include insulin, glucagon and somatostatin from the endocrine pancreas. Secretion of these hormones is controlled predominantly by the supply of nutrients in the circulation but also by nerve signals and other peptides. Thus, it is likely that peptides, released from cells of the gut or endocrine pancreas or from peptidergic nerves, affect glucose homeostasis by modulating the secretion of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. When searching for novel gut peptides with such effects, diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) was isolated from the porcine small intestine. By immunocytochemistry, DBI has been demonstrated to occur not only in the gut but also in endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets, namely in the somatostatin-producing D-cells in pig and man, and in the glucagon-producing A-cells in rat. Porcine DBI (pDBI; 10(-8)-10(-7) M) has been shown to suppress glucose-stimulated release of insulin from both isolated islets and perfused pancreas of the rat. Furthermore, secretion of insulin stimulated by either the sulfonylurea glibenclamide or the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), was inhibited by the peptide. In contrast, arginine-induced release of insulin was unaffected by pDBI. Moreover, pDBI decreased arginine-induced release of glucagon from the perfused rat pancreas, whereas release of somatostatin was unchanged. Notably, rat DBI, structurally identical with rat acyl-CoA-binding protein, has also been demonstrated to inhibit glucose-stimulated release of insulin in the rat, both in vivo and in vitro. Long-term exposure of cultured fetal rat islets to pDBI (10(-8) M) significantly decreased the synthesis of DNA in islet cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Diazepam binding inhibitor and the endocrine pancreas. 178 37

Calcium (Ca2+) ion concentrations that are achieved intracellularly upon membrane depolarization or activation of phospholipase C stimulate adenylate cyclase via calmodulin (CaM) in brain tissue. In the present study, this range of Ca2+ concentrations produced unanticipated inhibitory effects on the plasma membrane adenylate cyclase activity of GH3 cells. Ca2+ concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 microM exerted an increasing inhibition on enzyme activity, which reached a plateau (35-45% inhibition) at around 1 microM. This inhibitory effect was highly cooperative for Ca2+ ions, but was neither enhanced nor dependent upon the addition of CaM (1 microM) to EGTA-washed membranes. The inhibition was greatly enhanced upon stimulation of the enzyme by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and/or GTP. Prior exposure of cultured cells to pertussis toxin did not affect the inhibition of plasma membrane adenylate cyclase activity by Ca2+, although in these membranes, hormonal (somatostatin) inhibition was significantly attenuated. Maximally effective concentrations of Ca2+ and somatostatin produced additive inhibitory effects on adenylate cyclase. The addition of phosphodiesterase inhibitors demonstrated that inhibitory effects of Ca2+ were not mediated by Ca2(+)-dependent stimulation of a phosphodiesterase activity. These observations provide a mechanism for the feedback inhibition by elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels on cAMP-facilitated Ca2+ entry into GH3 cells, as well as inhibitory crosstalk between Ca2(+)-mobilizing signals and adenylate cyclase activity.
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PMID:Potent and cooperative feedback inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by calcium in pituitary-derived GH3 cells. 197 2


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