Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty-five endocrine tumors of the rectum (rectal carcinoids) were examined immunohistochemically for various pancreatic and gut neurohormonal polypeptides. Twenty-one of the tumors were found to contain cells displaying pancreatic polypeptide (PP), glucagon, somatostatin, insulin, substance P, enkephalin or beta-endorphin immunoreactivity. At least 11 of the tumors contained more than one peptide hormone. In some of the tumors PP cells made up the major cell population, in others the glucagon cells constituted the majority. Only four of the tumors contained 5-hydroxytryptamine. Rectal endocrine tumors seem unique among gut endocrine tumors in that they may store immunoreactive enkephalin, beta-endorphin and even insulin. None of the patients displayed the carcinoid syndrome; symptoms were usually vague and uncharacteristic. In many cases the tumor was found at routine examination.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical evidence of peptide hormones in endocrine tumors of the rectum. 617 Apr 21

After neonatal treatment of rats with capsaicin, the spinal cord, the spinal trigeminal nucleus and spinal and trigeminal ganglia were analysed with immunohistochemistry using antisera to several peptides and 5-hydroxytryptamine. A marked decrease was observed in substance P-, cholecystokinin-, somatostatin- and VIP-like immunoreactivity present in the central branches of primary sensory neurons in the spinal cord and in substance P- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in sensory ganglion cells. No definite depleting effect of capsaicin could be established on 5-hydroxytryptamine and peptides, such as enkephalin and neurotensin, present in centrally originating fibres in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The results demonstrate that the effects of capsaicin are not confined to substance P immunoreactive primary sensory neurons. The possibility is discussed that capsaicin effects specifically functioning rather than chemically specific primary sensory neurons.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical studies on the effect of capsaicin on spinal and medullary peptide and monoamine neurons using antisera to substance P, gastrin/CCK, somatostatin, VIP, enkephalin, neurotensin and 5-hydroxytryptamine. 617 25

The ventral spinal cord content of several neuronally localised peptides was measured after treatment with a number of drugs which deplete spinal cord monoamines. Reserpine and tetrabenazine, but not p-chlorophenylalanine caused a partial depletion of ventral spinal cord substance P (SP) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Two other peptides, methionine-enkephalin and somatostatin were not depleted by any of the drugs. The rates of loss and recovery of SP and TRH after reserpine and tetrabenazine were different from that of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), though in the ventral spinal cord these two peptides probably coexist with 5-HT in the terminals of bulbospinal neurones. The results are discussed in relation to the possible costorage of SP and TRH with 5-HT in the same vesicles in nerve terminals in the ventral spinal cord.
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PMID:The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine-depleting drugs on peptides in the ventral spinal cord. 617 52

The coexistence of two neuronally-localised peptides, substance P and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), in descending serotoninergic nerve fibres to the spinal cord was investigated using immunocytochemical and biochemical methods. Substance P-like material in the spinal cord was shown to be identical to the undecapeptide substance P by the criteria of gel filtration, high performance liquid chromatography and behaviour in substance P specific radioimmunoassays. Immunocytochemical staining for 5-hydroxytryptamine, substance P, and TRH showed that all three substances had a similar distribution in nerve fibres and terminals in the ventral and lateral grey matter of the spinal cord. After treatment with the serotonin neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, neuronal elements containing 5-hydroxytryptamine, substance P and TRH degenerated and disappeared from these parts of the spinal cord in parallel with one another. Biochemical measurements of 5-hydroxytryptamine, substance P and TRH in the spinal cord after treatment with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine confirmed that these three substances were all depleted from the ventral horn and, in addition, showed that there was a small depletion of substance P from the dorsal horn. Two other neuropeptides, somatostatin and methionine-enkephalin were not depleted from the spinal cord by treatment with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine nor was substance P in other parts of the brain. Substance P in the spinal cord was unaffected by 6-hydroxydopamine, a drug known to destroy catecholamine-containing neurones. These results are consistent with coexistence of substance P and TRH together with 5-hydroxytryptamine in the descending axons and terminals of bulbospinal neurones.
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PMID:The effects of monoamine neurotoxins on peptides in the rat spinal cord. 617 3

Methods have been developed for the microsurgical interruption of nerve pathways in the wall of the intestine and for the immunohistochemical localization of antigens in whole mounts. These methods have made it possible to determine accurately the distributions and projections of neurons containing different putative transmitters. In this week neurons with substance P, somatostatin and 5-hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity are described. Projections of noradrenergic neurons are also demonstrated. Each substance is associated with a unique set of neurons having precise projections within the intestine.
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PMID:Branching patterns and projections of enteric neurons containing different putative transmitters. 617 90

1. The highest spinal cord levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) were found in the ventral lumbar cord, in contrast to substance P which was found predominantly in the dorsal cord. 2. 5,6- and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, administered into the lateral ventricles reduced 5-HT in the dorsal and ventral spinal cord by up to 90%. 3. There was a parallel reduction in substance P and TRH in ventral spinal cord while methionine-enkephalin and somatostatin in ventral and dorsal cord increased. 4. Reserpine and tetrabenazine depleted 5-HT and partially depleted substance P and TRH in the ventral cord, but had no effect on either methionine-enkephalin or somatostatin. 5. The rates of loss and recovery, after reserpine and tetrabenazine, of 5-HT were different from those of the two peptides. 6. Endogenous 5-HT and TRH release from slices of lumbar cord was enhanced by high potassium. 7. p-Chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine increased 5-HT release but reduced or had no effect on TRH release. The effect of p-chloroamphetamine on TRH release was not dependent on either the presence of 5-HT or 5-HT receptor activity. 8. The results are discussed in terms of the possible co-existence, co-storage and release of 5-HT, substance P and TRH in descending bulbospinal neurones.
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PMID:Localization and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine thyrotrophin releasing hormone and substance P in rat ventral spinal cord. 618 51

Epithelial endocrine cells containing 5-hydroxytryptamine, substance P, somatostatin, enteroglucagon and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactivity were localized by immunocytochemistry in the mucosa of normal appendices, ileum and proximal colon, and in neurogenic appendicopathy. In neurogenic appendicopathy a large number of proliferating nerves were visualized independently of neurotransmitters by immunostaining for neuron-specific enolase. A large number of nerve fibers were shown to contain substance P-immunoreactivity and to be of intrinsic origin. Stromal endocrine cells containing 5-hydroxytryptamine, somatostatin- and possibly substance P-immunoreactivity, were observed in substantial numbers in neurogenic appendicopathy. Substance P may be involved as a neurotransmitter and/or as a paracrine/endocrine peptide in the pathogenesis of spastic contractions and abnormal peristalsis of the appendix, which are characteristic of neurogenic appendicopathy. Stromal endocrine cells may be considered to be the origin of certain carcinoids in the appendix.
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PMID:The neuroendocrine system of normal human appendix, ileum and colon, and in neurogenic appendicopathy. 618 70

1. The effects of some putative non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitters have been studied on longitudinal and circular smooth muscle from the stomach of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. 2. ATP, adenosine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on certain occasions inhibited the activity of the stomach smooth muscle; ATP and adenosine only circular muscle. VIP both longitudinal and circular muscle. 3. Neurotensin produced a contraction, which in strips from the cardiac stomach in most cases occurred after the exposure to the peptide; this might be a rebound contraction after an inhibition which could not be recorded with the experimental set-up. 4. Bombesin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P produced dose-dependent contractions over a wide dose range. Somatostatin and enkephalin contracted the preparations only in the highest doses tested (10(-9) moles, 10(-8) moles). 5. Atropine did not reduce or abolish the response to any of the substances tested, indicating that their effects are not via cholinergic neurons, which innervate the smooth muscle. 6. Of the substances tested ATP, adenosine, VIP and neurotensin may be involved in the inhibitory vagal non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic innervation of the rainbow trout stomach.
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PMID:The effects of putative non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic autonomic transmitters on isolated strips from the stomach of the rainbow trout. Salmo gairdneri. 618 77

Records of the 30 cases of gastric carcinoid at the Mayo Clinic showed that the gastric mucosa was normal, hyperplastic, or atrophic (nonantral) in 12, 2, or 16 patients, respectively. In the atrophic group, the tumors were in the gastric body and fundus; small, polypoid, and multicentric; and associated with fundal argyrophil cell hyperplasia. In immunocytochemical studies, minor tumor cell populations stained positively for 5-hydroxytryptamine, gastrin, and somatostatin in 1 case and for 5-hydroxytryptamine in 3 others. Metastasis occurred in 3 patients. Twelve patients had pernicious anemia. Parietal cell or intrinsic factor antibodies or both were present in all 12 patients tested. Each of the 7 patients with an intact antrum had massive hypergastrinemia. No common HLA-A, -B, or -DR antigen pattern was detected among the 10 patients tested. The results suggest that nonantral gastric atrophy predisposes to gastric carcinoid as well as to gastric carcinoma.
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PMID:The syndrome of gastric argyrophil carcinoid tumors and nonantral gastric atrophy. 619 1

Homogenates of rat dorsal or ventral spinal cord were subjected to centrifugation on a continuous density gradient. The gradient was generated according to a new method with the aid of a microprocessor-controlled HPLC pump. The distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPI) and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SRIFI) across the gradient showed two peaks. The SPI peak seen at lower density was found only in dorsal spinal cord tissue. No peak of SPI was seen at this position in homogenates prepared from the spinal cords of capsaicin-pretreated rats. The second peak of SPI, found at a higher density, was accompanied by peaks in the levels of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), [14C]glycine, and [3H]norepinephrine uptake. This peak was seen at the same density in the dorsal and the ventral spinal cord. Tissue derived from capsaicin-pretreated rats exhibited one peak of SPI, accompanied by a maximum of [14C]glycine uptake. The uptake of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid ( [3H]GABA) was found to have a maximum at a somewhat lower density than that of [14C]glycine. It is concluded that the peak of SPI found at lower density in the dorsal spinal cord is associated with nerve endings belonging to capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents, while other endings, including those also containing 5-HT, are probably associated with the peak of SPI found at higher density.
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PMID:Distribution of spinal cord nerve endings containing various neurotransmitters on a continuous density gradient. 619 68


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