Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of substance P-, methionine-enkephalin-, somatostatin- and 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive nerve elements in Hirschsprung's disease was studied. It was compared to the distribution of the comparable nerve elements in the sigmoid colon and rectum of control children. A reduction of substance P-, methionine-enkephalin- and 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive fibers as well as a higher density of somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers were found in the aganglionic segment in Hirschsprung gut as compared to those in the ganglionic segment in Hirschsprung children and the large bowel in control children. The changes in the density of peptide- and 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive fibers suggest the participation of different transmitters or transmitter candidates in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung's disease.
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PMID:Distribution of substance P-, methionine-enkephalin-, somatostatin- and serotonin-immunoreactive nerve elements of the large bowel in Hirschsprung's disease. 243 53

The contribution of the myenteric plexus in the mechanical responses of rat jejunal longitudinal muscle produced by several enteric nerve substances was evaluated. The myenteric plexus of a segment of rat jejunum was destroyed by serosal application of benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Fifteen days after BAC treatment, both the BAC-treated and an orad control jejunal segment were removed and the mechanical responses of the longitudinal muscle produced by the following substances were examined: substance P, acetylcholine (ACh), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), norepinephrine, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), bombesin, [Leu5]enkephalin and somatostatin. Our results indicate that: substance P and norepinephrine produce their mechanical responses by acting predominantly on the longitudinal smooth muscle; 5-HT, CCK-8, ATP, VIP and neurotensin act predominantly through the myenteric plexus; ACh possesses both direct and indirect actions; and because the responses to [Leu5]enkephalin, bombesin and somatostatin were equivocal, a conclusion as to their site of action could not be made with this preparation.
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PMID:Differentiation between myenteric plexus and longitudinal muscle of the rat jejunum as the site of action of putative enteric neurotransmitters. 243 41

Levels of somatostatin, noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were unchanged in rat neocortex 3 or 6 months after ibotenic acid lesion of the ipsilateral nucleus basalis that reduced cortical choline acetyltransferase levels by over 60%. These results render unlikely the possibility that non-cholinergic neurotransmitter deficits in Alzheimer's disease cortex are the consequence of cholinergic degeneration.
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PMID:Maintenance of cortical somatostatin and monoamine levels in the rat does not require intact cholinergic innervation. 243 18

The effects of agonists at mu and delta opioid receptors were compared by measuring membrane currents under voltage clamp from neurons of the rat nucleus locus coeruleus and guinea pig submucous plexus. In each tissue, the appropriate selective agonist (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-MePhe-Gly-ol for mu receptors in locus coeruleus or Tyr-D-Pen-Gly-Phe-D-Pen for delta receptors in submucous plexus) increased the conductance of an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance and strongly hyperpolarized the membrane. The properties of the potassium conductance affected by the two opioids could not be distinguished. Experiments with intracellular application of guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate indicated that a guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein was involved in the coupling between opioid receptor and potassium channel, but there was no evidence for activation of either cAMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase C. It is noted that a number of vertebrate neurotransmitter receptors are coupled to potassium channels. The potassium conductance associated with these channels has properties similar to the conductance activated by mu and delta opioids; this family includes the following receptors: acetylcholine M2, norepinephrine alpha 2, dopamine D2, 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT1, adenosine A1, gamma-aminobutyric acid GABAB, and somatostatin. It is suggested that this conductance is a conserved neuronal effector coupled to one of the receptor types that mediates the effects of each of several major transmitters. The mu and delta opioid receptors appear to be unusual in that both utilize this same effector mechanism.
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PMID:Mu and delta receptors belong to a family of receptors that are coupled to potassium channels. 244 52

The Wobbler mouse (wr) is a mutant that exhibits loss of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord and brainstem and subsequent muscle wasting, particularly of the forelimbs and neck. The wr mice, 2-3 months of age, were found to have increased levels of immunoreactive-thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (ir-TRH) in the spinal cord and pons and medulla, but not in other CNS areas. This increase was observed in dorsal and ventral cord and at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels and was confirmed by HPLC to be authentic TRH. The levels of immunoreactive-somatostatin, -neurotensin, and -substance P were not raised in the CNS of wr mice. The activities of two peptidases capable of degrading TRH, pyroglutamylaminopeptidase (PGAP, EC 3.4.11.8) and proline endopeptidase (PEP, EC 3.4.21.26), and the level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were also raised in the spinal cord of 2-3-month-old wr mice although the activities of alanine aminopeptidase and lactate dehydrogenase and the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine were not. Increased spinal cord levels of ir-TRH and PGAP and PEP activities were not observed in the 1-month-old wr mice. In addition, a pilot study using spinal cord obtained at autopsy from three patients with motor neurone disease and 12 control subjects indicated no increase in spinal cord ir-TRH, PGAP, or PEP in human motor neurone disease.
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PMID:Raised thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, pyroglutamylamino peptidase, and proline endopeptidase are present in the spinal cord of wobbler mice but not in human motor neurone disease. 244 4

In order to characterize the differentiation of endocrine cells present in Barrett's oesophagus and to determine if they express a single or multiple hormonal pattern, endoscopic biopsies were taken from both the lesion and the fundus of 45 patients and studied at the light microscopical level. Conventional histology revealed three different epithelial patterns: gastric atrophic fundic, intestinal and junctional. A mixture of these patterns was present in 28 cases (62%) and the single type was identified in 17 cases (38%). The use of three silver staining methods and antibodies to human chromogranins allowed us to identify numerous endocrine cells in all but 1 case. Eleven sera against all the most common hormones stored in the endocrine cells of the gut were used to identify the main products of the cells. The following immunoreactivities were identified: 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (in 75% of the studied cases), somatostatin (87%), motilin (31%), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) (20%), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (20%), gastrin (15%), glucagon (15%), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (13%), secretin (7%) and neurotensin (2%). No cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cells were identified. Our results indicated that, in Barrett's epithelium, both gastric and intestinal endocrine cells differentiate, in accordance with the variability of differentiation in the non-endocrine cells present in the different types of columnar epithelium. These findings provide support for the conclusion that Barrett's epithelium arises from a pluripotential stem cell capable of both gastric and intestinal differentiation.
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PMID:A mixed pattern of endocrine cells in metaplastic Barrett's oesophagus. Evidence that the epithelium derives from a pluripotential stem cell. 244 38

The developmental patterns of neurofilament triplet proteins, peptide and amine immunoreactivities were compared in motor (ventral spinal cord), sensory (dorsal spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, epidermis), and autonomic (intermediolateral cell columns, dermis) regions in the rat and human. In the rat, neurofilament triplet proteins first appeared in motoneurones (embryonic day 13). In the youngest human fetuses studied (6 weeks), immunoreactivity was present throughout the spinal cord. Peptides and amines occurred later. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and its C-flanking peptide (CPON) were the first to appear localized to motoneurones (embryonic days 15-17 rat; fetal weeks 6-14 human). Numbers of immunoreactive motoneurones decreased toward birth, but immunoreactive fibers increased in the ventral horn with enkephalin, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, and the monoaminergic markers 5-hydroxytryptamine and tyrosine hydroxylase (all presumably of supraspinal origin) the last to appear perinatally. In the dorsal horn, particularly in the rat, a transient expression of substance P-, somatostatin-, and neuropeptide Y/CPON-immunoreactive cells was detected (embryonic days 15-17). A pronounced increase of calcitonin gene-related peptide-, galanin-, somatostatin- and substance P- immunoreactive fibers was found perinatally in both species. This coincided with an increased detection of cells in the dorsal root ganglia containing these peptides and the earliest appearance of calcitonin gene-related peptide-, somatostatin-, and substance P-immunoreactive fibers in the rat epidermis. Few antigens were localized to the intermediolateral cell columns before embryonic day 20 (rat), fetal week 20 (human), with thyrotrophin-releasing hormone-, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, tyrosine hydroxylase-, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerves appearing perinatally. In the rat dermis, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers (sympathetic fibers) and fibers immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y/CPON and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were detected from postnatal day 1. In conclusion, 1) peptide and amine immunoreactivity develops in motor before sensory or autonomic regions, 2) many peptide-containing cells are transient in fetal life, and 3) central terminals of dorsal root ganglion cells express peptides before terminals in the skin.
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PMID:Ontogeny of peptide- and amine-containing neurones in motor, sensory, and autonomic regions of rat and human spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and rat skin. 244 34

The neural input to the frog bladder was characterized in vitro. The nerve-evoked bladder contraction consists primarily of an early parasympathetic cholinergic component and a later, longer-lasting non-adrenergic non-cholinergic component. This slow non-adrenergic non-cholinergic contraction is not only resistant to cholinergic and adrenergic antagonists, but also to H1 and H2 histaminergic antagonists and to the serotoninergic antagonist, methysergide. It is concluded that the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic contraction is mediated by an efferent action of the sensory system because it is resistant to ganglionic nicotinic antagonists and because it is elicited specifically by stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the dorsal root. 5-Hydroxytryptamine is a potent and specific inhibitor of the sensory non-adrenergic non-cholinergic contraction. Although the bladder smooth muscle is innervated by terminals containing a somatostatin-like substance, somatostatin does not cause a bladder contraction. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, enkephalin, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, adenosine and adenosine 5 monophosphate are also unlikely candidates for the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic transmitter because they do not produce bladder contractions and/or their antagonists are ineffective on the nerve-evoked contraction. A putatively sensory network of fibers containing a substance P-like material is located within the wall of the bladder. Substance P produces bladder contractions at concentrations as low as 10(-9) M and so it, or a related substance, is a viable transmitter candidate in this system. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)(10(-5) M) also causes a bladder contraction and remains a possible candidate as well. The data demonstrate that the bladder contraction resulting from electrical stimulation of the bladder nerves is due in large part to the "antidromic" stimulation of sensory axons. The likely presence therefore of potent and releasable substances in the peripheral sensory terminals of the bladder suggests that this sensory system may exert significant local, efferent control of bladder smooth muscle (i.e. independent from the central nervous system).
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PMID:The efferent role of sensory axons in nerve-evoked contractions of bullfrog bladder. 244 35

Using the indirect antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase method of Sternberger, we localized substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), enkephalin (ENK), and serotonin (5HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine) in the spinal cord of Rana pipiens. This is the first study to demonstrate all four substances in adjacent sections of frog spinal cord. The distribution patterns of ENK, SP, SOM, and 5HT in our study differ from that described for laminae I and II in amniotes. A high density of ENK, SP, and SOM fibers is present in a band ventral to the dorsal terminal field of cutaneous primary afferent fibers and slightly overlapping the ventral terminal field of muscle primary afferent fibers. However, a high density of 5HT fibers is present in the dorsal terminal field.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin, and serotonin in the spinal cord of the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. 245 65

The oxyntic mucosa of the human stomach harbors at least five different endocrine cell types (ECL cells, A-like or X cells, somatostatin cells (D), enterochromaffin (EC) cells, and D1 or P cells). Little is known about their functional roles, and of the hormones they produce only somatostatin has been identified. The relative frequency and regional distribution of the different endocrine cell populations were studied in 13 adults with no manifest gastrointestinal disease. From each of them at least three biopsy specimens were taken at seven fixed locations within the oxyntic mucosa. The specimens were examined for the different endocrine cell types by means of immunocytochemistry (staining with antisera against chromogranin A,5-hydroxytryptamine, and somatostatin) and silver staining techniques (demonstration of argyrophil cells by the methods of Grimelius or Sevier-Munger). Chromogranin-positive cells included all endocrine cells identified by the other staining techniques. Grimelius-positive cells included all endocrine cells except the somatostatin cells. Sevier-Munger-positive cells, finally, included the ECL cells and the EC cells. The frequency of ECL cells could be calculated by subtracting the number of EC cells from the number of Sevier-Munger-positive cells. The ECL cells represented 35% of the total endocrine number, somatostatin cells 26%, and EC cells 25%. The remaining 14% consisted of A-like cells, D1 cells, and P cells. Generally, the endocrine cells predominated in the basal portion of the glands, but the various populations of endocrine cells were not uniformly distributed in the various regions of the oxyntic mucosa. However, representative specimens could be obtained from the main body of the stomach, and the results indicate that the examination of a fairly small number of specimens from the main body of the stomach may be sufficient for assessing the frequency of endocrine cells in the oxyntic mucosa of individual patients.
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PMID:Endocrine cells in the human oxyntic mucosa. A histochemical study. 247 Jan 31


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