Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Double-label immunocytochemistry was used to investigate the co-localisation of neuropeptides and the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in autonomic ganglia of the human postnatal male pelvic plexus. Postmortem specimens were obtained from six male infants and children ranging in age from 2 to 12 months who had died as a result of cot death or accidental trauma. On average, ganglia lying adjacent to the neck of the urinary bladder contained 45% of neurons which were TH-immunoreactive (-IR) while ganglia situated adjacent to the posterior and lateral aspects of the prostate gland contained 67% of neurons which were TH-IR. All the TH-IR neurons also contained dopamine beta-hydroxylase and were considered to be noradrenergic in type. On average, 61% of TH-IR neurons in bladder ganglia contained NOS, compared with 77% of non-TH-IR neurons (based on counts of over 1,000 cells in each case), while the percentages of TH- and non-TH-IR neurons containing neuropeptides were: calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (30%; 11%), neuropeptide Y (NPY) (66%; 92%), somatostatin (SOM) (70%; 29%), substance P (SP) (64%; 46%), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) (64%; 83%). The equivalent values for TH- and non-TH-IR neurons in prostatic ganglia were NOS (38%; 59%), CGRP (55%; 18%), NPY (62%, 65%), SOM (14%, 20%), SP (13%, 8%) and VIP (42%; 82%). Varicose nerve fibers within the ganglia were seen forming pericellular arborizations around many of the ganglion cells, the most numerous containing TH-, CGRP-, NPY-, SOM- or VIP-immunoreactivity. Less common were pericellular varicosities containing SP-immunoreactivity while terminals containing NOS were not observed. No correlation could be detected between the peptide contents of the ganglion cells and of the associated pericellular terminals. However, the peptide content of the ganglion cells found in association with the urinary bladder and prostate gland correlates well with the previously documented coexistence of enzymes and neuropeptides in the intrinsic nerve fibers supplying these two regions of the human postnatal male genitourinary system.
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PMID:Co-localisation of tyrosine hydroxylase, nitric oxide synthase and neuropeptides in neurons of the human postnatal male pelvic ganglia. 881 64

The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to the external environment containing food antigens, microbes and other pathogens. Immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms contribute to the neutralization and elimination of these foreign antigens. The immune system of the intestine is the most extensive in the organism and involves diffuse populations of immune cells, lymphoid aggregates and intraepithelial lymphocytes. On the other hand, the functions of the digestive tract contribute to the overall host defense (mucus secretion, gastric acid secretion, water and electrolyte secretion and peristaltism). These functions are regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic nervous systems. It is currently recognized that the physiological and pathological responses of the intestine require an integrate neuroimmune network. Such neuroimmune regulation is based on anatomical and biochemical supports. Indeed, there are membrane-to-membrane contacts between axonal varicosities and the immune cells. Specific receptors for neurotransmitters such as substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin have been identified in many immune cells. Nerve profile change has been described under pathological conditions such as parasitic infections and acute phase of inflammation. In addition to supporting the growth and survival of several populations of nerves the classical nerve growth factor (NGF) has been shown to affect an immune cell population by inducing mast cell hyperplasia. Furthermore the NGF can induce mast cell degranulation, acting directly on mast cell membrane NGF receptors or indirectly by NGF-mediated release of substance P by peripheral extrinsic or intrinsic nerves. Moreover, non-immune cells such as epithelial and smooth muscle cells can produce immunologic messengers under pathological conditions such as infectious diseases or inflammation. Besides the local regulation of gut functions, neuroimmune control can be exerted at extra-intestinal sites. During physiological and pathological conditions, gastrointestinal secretions and motor events are strongly regulated by the central nervous system. Moreover, infectious agents can induce cytokine and particularly interleukin-1 release by the brain astrocytes and microglial cells which have been shown to play a pivotal role in fever induction and modifications of the gastrointestinal functions. Visceral afferent fibers play a pivotal role in 'cross-communication' between central sites and immune response. Recent studies evoke, more specifically, the role of vagus as a key modulatory participant in the close relationship between the extraintestinal nerves and the immune system. Future work in this field will clarify the role of the different participants in the intimate communication between the gastrointestinal tract, immune system and central nervous system.
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PMID:Integrative neuroimmunology of the digestive tract. 882 13

The distribution of somatostatin (SOM), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), tyrosine hydroxylase (a marker of noradrenergic neurons, NA) and nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactivity (NOS-IR) was examined in the inferior mesenteric ganglion of guinea pigs with double- and triple-labelling immunohistochemistry. About 75% of neurons identified were NA/SOM, almost 20% were NA/NPY and the remainder consisted of small groups of NA/- (1-5%), NA/NPY/SOM (2-5%) and VIP (1-2%) neurons. VIP neurons contained NPY-IR, usually contained SOM-IR and were surrounded by dense pericellular baskets of SP fibres. NOS-IR was found in a small proportion of neurons colocalized with VIP but both NOS- and VIP-IR were also found alone in some neurons. Some NOS reactive varicose fibres throughout the ganglia also contained VIP-IR but much of the NOS- and VIP-IR appeared to be localized in discrete varicosities. SOM-IR was also detectable in TH fibres within myenteric ganglia of the distal colon. We conclude that the subtypes of neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglion share some properties with other sympathetic and abdominal ganglia but they exist in distinct proportions and may make dissimilar projections along the length of the gut.
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PMID:Immunohistochemically-defined subtypes of neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea-pig. 883 20

Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and somatostatin (SOM) are probably the three most important sensory neuropeptides. However, in contrast to CGRP immunoreactivity (IR), SP- and SOM-IR occur also in neurons intrinsic to the dorsal horn. Colocalization of either SP- or SOM-IR with CGRP-IR is, therefore, strongly suggestive of a primary sensory origin. In this study, high resolution double-labelling immunocytochemistry was applied to detect CGRP/SP and CGRP/SOM colocalizations in axonal boutons of the rat superficial dorsal horn. Most boutons colocalizing CGRP-IR and SP-IR were not part of synaptic glomeruli. However, 15% of such boutons represented the central varicosities of type I synaptic glomeruli. CGRP-IR was always present in the small proportion of type I glomeruli central boutons that displayed SOM-IR. In a study in the cat combining double-labelling immunocytochemistry with intracellular injection of electrophysiologically characterized neurons, we found that nociceptive neurons received numerous synapses from varicosities colocalizing SP-IR and CGRP-IR. In contrast, non-nociceptive neurons almost completely lacked synaptic input from boutons colocalizing both immunoreactivities. This study confirms that fibres colocalizing SP-IR and CGRP-IR probably play a major role in spinal nociceptive mechanisms.
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PMID:Ultrastructural features of the colocalization of calcitonin gene related peptide with substance P or somatostatin in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. 884 34

A double-label immunofluorescence technique was used to determine whether progesterone receptor (PR)-containing neurons in the preoptic area and hypothalamus also contain somatostatin (SOM) in both the male and female guinea pig. Animals were gonadectomized, primed by estradiol to induce PR and injected intracerebroventricularly with colchicine to visualize SOM-immunoreactive (SOM-IR) neurons. The only sites of significant overlap between the two immunoreactivities were the medial preoptic nucleus, the periventricular preoptic and hypothalamic regions, the arcuate nucleus (Ar) and the ventrolateral nucleus (VL). No sex differences were detected at this level. In the preoptic area and the periventricular regions, no SOM-IR neurons were shown to have PR. In the Ar, only very few SOM-IR perikarya were found to be also PR-IR. SOM varicosities appeared in close proximity to neurons with PR-containing nuclei. Within the VL, in the female as well as in the male, many SOM-IR cells were also IR for PR. This colocalization persisted throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus but our quantification revealed a significant sex difference in the percentage of PR-IR neurons with SOM in the caudal VL. These results provide neuroanatomical evidence that progesterone may exert its effect directly upon more than one third of SOM-synthesizing cells in the medial and caudal regions of VL, a site which plays a key role in the control of sexual behavior.
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PMID:Colocalization of progesterone receptor and somatostatin immunoreactivities in the hypothalamus of the male and female guinea pig. 887 39

One hundred and six episodes of bleeding from esophageal or gastric varices in 72 patients with cirrhosis of the liver were randomized to treatment either with intravenous terlipressin 2 mg initially and 1 mg every four hours for 24 hours together with bolus injection and continuous infusion of placebo, or with somatostatin 250 micrograms as a bolus and continuous infusion of 250 micrograms/h somatostatin for 24 hours and placebo injections. Standard treatment with transfusions, fluid and electrolyte correction, and lactulose was administered in both groups. In the terlipressin group, 48 out of 53 bleeding episodes (91%) and in the somatostatin group 43 out of 53 bleeds (81%) were initially stopped by the vasoactive drugs. Four of the five bleeds not arrested by terlipressin, and nine of the ten bleeds not arrested by somatostatin, were stopped by balloon tamponade. In one patient in each group variceal bleeding could not be stopped initially, and both patients died. The failure rate of the vasoactive treatment alone, including rebleeds within the study period, was 17% in the terlipressin, and 28% in the somatostatin, group. The initial hemostasis, including balloon tamponade, were 98%, and the definitive bleeding control rates were 89% in both groups. The hospital mortality rate was 21% (11/53) in the terlipressin, and 21% (11/53) in the somatostatin, group. Blood transfusions and duration of bleeding did not differ significantly. The study indicates that a large proportion of bleeds from esophageal and fundic varices can be stopped initially (86%) and definitively controlled (77%) by vasoactive drugs alone.
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PMID:Terlipressin (glypressin) versus somatostatin in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices--final report of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. 892 78

The objective of pharmacotherapy of portal hypertension is to reduce the portal pressure and the subsequent reduction of pressure and blood flow in the oesophageal varicosities in patients with portal hypertension. Pharmacological treatment is used in acute bleeding from oesophageal varices where it is a very useful first step for arresting haemorrhage and it does not require any special training or complicated equipment. Pharmacotherapy holds its place also in primary and secondary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding. In particular a combination of pharmacotherapy with sclerotherapy is useful to reduce the occurrence of early recurrent bleeding. Among hitherto known vasoactive drugs the following ones are used most frequently: vasopressin, terlipressin, somatostatin, beta-blockers, nitrates and ACE inhibitors. Other drugs influencing portal haemodynamics are the subject of research.
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PMID:[Pharmacologic treatment of portal hypertension]. 897 62

Double-label immunocytochemistry was used to investigate the colocalisation of various neuropeptides and the enzymes nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in intramural ganglia of the human male urinary bladder neck and trigone. Postmortem specimens were obtained from 7 male infants and children ranging in age from 2 mo to 3 y who had died as a result of cot death or accidental trauma. On average 60% of the intramural neurons were non-TH-immunoreactive (-IR) (i.e. presumptive cholinergic) and 40% were TH- and D beta H-IR (i.e. noradrenergic). Within the non-TH-IR population, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was found in 65% of cells, neuropeptide Y (NPY) in 90%, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in 45%, somatostatin (SOM) in 90%, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in 40%. The corresponding values for the TH-IR neurons were CGRP (54%), NPY (70%), NOS (58%), SOM (73%) and VIP (40%). All the observed bombesin (BOM)-immunoreactivity was colocalised with TH while 90% of VIP and almost all the CGRP was colocalised with NPY. Less than 5% of neurons were immunoreactive for substance P (SP) or met-enkephalin (m-ENK) and some of these also contained TH. Varicose nerve fibres were seen in close proximity to some of the intramural neurons, the majority of such varicosities showing immunoreactivity to CGRP, VIP or TH. Less common were pericellular varicosities immunoreactive to NPY, SOM or SP. These results demonstrate the neurochemical heterogeneity of intramural neurons in the human bladder neck and provide indirect evidence for the complexity of the peripheral innervation of the human urinary bladder.
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PMID:A double-label immunohistochemical study of intramural ganglia from the human male urinary bladder neck. 903 88

Many neuromodulators inhibit N-type Ca2+ currents via G protein-coupled pathways in acutely isolated superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons. Less is known about which neuromodulators affect release of norepinephrine (NE) at varicosities and terminals of these neurons. To address this question, we used carbon fiber amperometry to measure catecholamine secretion evoked by electrical stimulation at presumed sites of high terminal density in cultures of SCG neurons. The pharmacological properties of action potential-evoked NE release paralleled those of N-type Ca2+ channels: Release was completely blocked by Cd2+ or omega-conotoxin GVIA, reduced 50% by 10 microM NE or 62% by 2 microM UK-14,304, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, and reduced 63% by 10 microM oxotremorine M (Oxo-M), a muscarinic agonist. Consistent with action at M2 or M4 receptor subtypes, Oxo-M could be antagonized by 10 microM muscarinic antagonists methoctramine and tropicamide but not by pirenzepine. After overnight incubation with pertussis toxin, inhibition by UK-14,304 and Oxo-M was much reduced. Other neuromodulators known to inhibit Ca2+ channels in these cells, including adenosine, prostaglandin E2, somatostatin, and secretin, also depressed secretion by 34-44%. In cultures treated with omega-conotoxin GVIA, secretion dependent on L-type Ca2+ channels was evoked with long exposure to high K+ Ringer's solution. This secretion was not sensitive to UK-14,304 or Oxo-M. Evidently, many neuromodulators act on the secretory terminals of SCG neurons, and the depression of NE release at terminals closely parallels the membrane-delimited inhibition of N-type Ca2+ currents in the soma.
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PMID:Modulation by neurotransmitters of catecholamine secretion from sympathetic ganglion neurons detected by amperometry. 903 83

There are four major classes of descending interneurons in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine. In this study, the connections made by two of these classes of descending interneurons with other interneurons and with inhibitory motor neurons have been investigated using confocal, conventional fluorescence and electron microscopy. The terminals of descending interneurons known to contain both bombesin (BN) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were identified by BN immunoreactivity (IR). Cholinergic interneurons known to contain somatostatin (SOM) were identified by SOM-IR. The connections of these two groups of interneurons with the following three classes of nerve cell bodies were examined: those with NOS-IR that also contain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (inhibitory motor neurons), those with only NOS-IR (descending interneurons and inhibitory motor neurons) and those with only GABA-IR (motor neurons). The BN-IR and SOM-IR interneurons were found to form connections with each other, and both types of interneurons provided inputs to motor neurons. Most previous analyses of interconnections in the enteric plexuses have been by conventional fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. In the present work these are compared with confocal microscopy. BN-IR varicosities formed pericellular baskets around each class of nerve cell that were easily identifiable with all techniques. Using confocal microscopy, BN-IR varicosities that were in contact with NOS-IR and GABA-IR nerve cells were quantified. Confocal microscopy demonstrated over twice as many contacts as were shown by a previous electron microscopic study. In contrast, conventional fluorescence microscopy showed little indication that SOM-IR varicosities formed inputs to NOS-IR or GABA-IR nerve cells, despite the fact that confocal microscopy revealed direct appositions and electron microscopy revealed synapses. This study has shown that confocal analysis is a valuable adjunct to conventional fluorescence microscopy for determining neuronal circuitry. Moreover, it allows a more rapid collection of data than does electron microscopy. It is concluded that chains of BN-IR and SOM-IR interneurons from descending pathways in the small intestine and that both types of interneuron connect with muscle motor neurons.
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PMID:Appositions made by axons of descending interneurons in the guinea-pig small intestine, investigated by confocal microscopy. 914 47


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