Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the superior salivatory nucleus (SSNNs) projecting to the pterygopalatine ganglion were labeled by retrograde transport of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) in the rat. Morphological interactions between SSNNs and afferent fibers immunoreactive (IR) for neuropeptide and amine were examined with light and electron microscopes by double-immunostaining techniques. SSNNs were found in the ipsilateral ventrolateral part of the rostral medulla oblongata. Around SSNNs, substance P-, enkephalin-, neuropeptide Y-and somatostatin-IR nerve fibers were very rich and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-, serotonin (5-HT)-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IR axons showed moderate density. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-containing axons were scarce in this region. The electron microscopic examinations revealed that CTB-IR structures directly received synaptic input from axon varicosities IR for TH, 5-HT and all neuropeptides except for CGRP. These findings suggest that catecholamine, 5-HT and the neuropeptides directly influence the activity of SSNNs and are concerned with the autonomic regulation of nasal and palatal mucosa, lacrimal glands and cerebral blood vessels of the rat.
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PMID:Synaptic contact of neuropeptide-and amine-containing axons on parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the superior salivatory nucleus of the rat. 758 52

Light- and electron-microscopic studies were used to investigate connections between specific subgroups of neurons in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine. Inputs to two classes of calretinin-immunoreactive (IR) nerve cells, longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons, were examined. Inputs from calbindin-IR primary sensory neurons and from three classes of descending interneurons were studied. Electron-microscopic analysis showed that calbindin-IR axons formed two types of inputs, synapses and close contacts, on calretinin-IR neurons. About 40% of inputs to the longitudinal muscle motor neurons and 70% to ascending interneurons were calbindin-IR. Approximately 50% of longitudinal muscle motor neurons were surrounded by bombesin-IR dense pericellular baskets and 40% by closely apposed varicosities. At the electron-microscope level, the bombesin-IR varicosities were found to form synapses and close contacts with the motor neurons. Dense pericellular baskets with bombesin-IR surrounded 36% of all ascending interneurons, and a further 17% had closely apposed varicosities. Somatostatin- and 5-HT-IR descending interneurons provided no dense pericellular baskets to calretinin-IR nerve cells. Thus, calretinin-IR, longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons receive direct synaptic inputs from intrinsic primary sensory neurons and from non-cholinergic, bombesin-IR, descending interneurons.
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PMID:Sources of inputs to longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons in the guinea-pig small intestine. 760 68

The localization and distribution of neuropeptides including neuropeptide Y (NPY), [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MEAGL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P and somatostatin (SOM) were analyzed in the stellate ganglion of the pig by use of the indirect immunofluorescence technique. NPY, MEAGL, SOM, VIP and CGRP immunoreactivities were found to exist in subpopulations of neuronal cell bodies of the stellate ganglion. A population of the small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells showed MEAGL immunoreactivity. In addition, the presence of NPY-, MEAGL-, CGRP-, SP-, SOM- and VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers and axonal varicosities were observed in the stellate ganglion. The localization and pattern of distribution of these peptides in the porcine stellate ganglion were compared with studies carried out on stellate ganglia of other mammalian species.
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PMID:Distribution of neuropeptides in the porcine stellate ganglion. 769 1

We analyzed the distribution and light-microscopic features of the NADPH diaphorase-containing structures in the lizard hippocampus, likely to correspond to nitric oxide synthase-containing cells and fibers, and thus likely to release nitric oxide. We also studied co-localization of NADPH diaphorase with the neurotransmitter GABA, the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin, and the neuropeptide somatostatin, in order to examine whether putative nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons represent a different subpopulation of GABA cells, on which the authors recently reported in lizards. We also studied co-localization of NADPH diaphorase with parvalbumin or somatostatin in mice to ascertain whether the characteristics of this population in reptiles parallel the situation in mammals. Most of the positive NADPH diaphorase neurons were stained in a Golgi-like manner and were in the plexiform layers of the lizard hippocampus with morphologies ranging from bipolar to multipolar. Co-localization with GABA was 100%, and NADPH diaphorase-positive neurons in the lizard hippocampus did not contain parvalbumin or somatostatin. The results indicate that putative nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons represent a distinct subpopulation of GABA interneurons in the lizard hippocampus. Two different types of fibers were described in the plexiform layers: one type bearing thick varicosities, and the other thinner ones. We discuss the possibility that at least part of the positive fibers arise from a hypothalamic aminergic nucleus contacting the third ventricle, the periventricular hypothalamic organ. Most radial glia were stained almost completely and formed typical end-feet both at the pia and around capillaries. The results of this study confirm that the capacity for synthesizing nitric oxide is linked to a determined set of neuronal markers depending on the specific brain region, and they provide new resemblances between hippocampal regions in different classes of vertebrates.
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PMID:NADPH diaphorase-positive neurons in the lizard hippocampus: a distinct subpopulation of GABAergic interneurons. 778 47

Numerous conditions lead to portal hypertension with the development of esophageal varices. Treatment for acute variceal hemorrhage should progress in a logical, stepwise fashion. Therapy after fluid resuscitation includes vasopressin, somatostatin, or a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube. This is followed by treatment with sclerotherapy, variceal ligation, or a combination of both. Continued bleeding is managed by more invasive measures that include radiologic embolization or shunting, esophageal transection, distal splenorenal shunt, or liver transplantation. Beta-blockade may be useful to prevent recurrent bleeding in compliant patients without medical conditions that would preclude use of beta-blockade. Once control of the bleeding has been achieved, sclerotherapy or ligation should be used to obliterate the varices, but prophylactic use of sclerosant is not particularly beneficial.
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PMID:Esophageal varices. 781 45

Numerous conditions lead to portal hypertension and the development of esophageal or gastric varices, or both. Treatment of patients with acute bleeding should progress in a logical, stepwise fashion. Initial therapy includes vasopressin, somatostatin, or balloon tamponade with a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube. The next step is treatment with sclerotherapy, variceal ligation, or a combination of both. Continued bleeding is managed by more invasive measures, which may include radiologic embolization or shunting, esophageal transection, distal splenorenal shunt, or liver transplantation.
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PMID:Gastroesophageal varices: pathogenesis and therapy of acute bleeding. 790 63

A dense plexus of somatostatin-positive fibers and varicosities is observed in the outer two-thirds of the dentate gyrus molecular layer where the glutamatergic perforant path afferents from the entorhinal cortex terminate. To test for a functional interaction between these two pathways, we examined the effects of cysteamine, which enhances somatostatin release for a few hours after administration but produces subsequent depletion of somatostatin lasting several days, on perforant path evoked potentials recorded in the dentate gyrus. Cysteamine (50-400 mg/kg, IP) increased the population spike dose-dependently both in anesthetized and in awake rats, but the slope of the population excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) was left unchanged or even decreased. The antidromic population spike evoked by mossy fiber stimulation was not changed by cysteamine. The change is thought to be due to the increase in slope of the EPSP-spike relationship. In the hippocampal slice preparation, a similar effect of the drug (1-5 mM) on dentate evoked potentials was observed, suggesting that cysteamine acts through its effects on somatostatin in the hippocampus itself. In chronically implanted awake animals, the perforant path population spike was increased 1 h after cysteamine but returned to the predrug level by 24 h when somatostatin seemed to be depleted. These results suggest that hippocampal somatostatin released by cysteamine potentiates the response of dentate granule cells to perforant path input, without directly affecting synaptic transmission or general cell excitability.
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PMID:Cysteamine potentiates entorhinal activation of dentate gyrus granule cells in rats. 790 66

Hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatotropin release-inhibiting factor or somatostatin (SS) immunoreactive (ir) neurons were localized in pigs (n = 8) and cattle (n = 7) to identify neuroanatomical sites involved in the regulation of growth hormone secretion. Coronal and sagittal frozen sections (30-60 microns) of Zamboni's fixed hypothalamic tissue, without prior colchicine treatment were incubated with GHRH or SS primary antisera for 48 h, then visualized by peroxidase-diaminobenzidine immunocytochemistry. Fusiform, bipolar SS-ir perikarya were located about the third ventricle in the periventricular nucleus, extending from rostral aspects of preoptic periventricular nucleus to a level approximate with caudal regions of the paraventricular nucleus. Rounded or fusiform, bipolar GHRH-ir perikarya were mostly located in ventrolateral portions of the arcuate nucleus in pigs and cattle, and within ventral aspects of the ventromedial nucleus in pigs but rarely in cattle. In both pigs and cattle, SS-ir and GHRH-ir fibers projected ventrally into the median eminence with dense and overlapping innervation of the external layer, especially dense in lateral regions. In pigs, but not as distinguishable in cattle, SS-ir fibers also densely innervated the ventromedial and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei. Double immunostained sections revealed close apposition of SS-ir fibers and varicosities with GHRH-ir perikarya in arcuate and ventromedial nuclei, and apposition of SS-ir and GHRH-ir varicosities in the median eminence.
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PMID:Growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin neurons within the porcine and bovine hypothalamus. 790 43

Despite extensive knowledge of the neuroepithelial endocrine (NEE) system in the lungs of species of various vertebrate classes, data on avians are limited. The present investigation deals with the light- and electron-microscopical immunocytochemistry and morphology of pulmonary NEE cells in the quail, Coturnix coturnix. Light-microscopically, serotonin immunoreactivity was detected in numerous solitary and clustered NEE cells located in the cilio-mucous epithelium of primary and secondary bronchi in adult as well as in newly hatched quails. Only in newly hatched quails could a small number of bombesin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactive NEE cells be demonstrated. Electron-microscopical morphology revealed that NEE cells contained dense-cored vesicles of a wide range of diameters and electron densities. Nearly all of the NEE cells were seen to rest on the basement membrane of the cilio-mucous epithelium, lacking direct contact with the luminal surface. Nerve varicosities or nerve endings, of both afferent and efferent morphological appearance, were found directly apposed to the basal portion of NEE cells, invaginating between NEE cells or between NEE cells and adjacent epithelial cells. Often, synaptic specializations could be recognized between NEE cells and nerve terminals. Electron-microscopical immunocytochemistry confirmed that the intraepithelial serotonin-containing cells correspond to the cells with NEE characteristics. Moreover, two types of NEE cells could be distinguished in newly hatched quail lungs. Both types showed serotonin immunoreactivity selectively distributed over the dense-cored vesicles, but somatostatin- and bombesin-like immunoreactivities were only noted in one of the NEE cell types and were never seen colocalized. Thus, the avian NEE system too, harbors at least three different bioactive substances and has a morphology comparable to that of mammals, reptiles and amphibians.
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PMID:The pulmonary neuroepithelial endocrine system in the quail, Coturnix coturnix. Light- and electron-microscopical immunocytochemistry and morphology. 791 90

Continued haemorrhage from oesophageal varices despite adequate injection sclerotherapy and tamponade has a high mortality rate. Such patients are usually referred for surgery. Over a 10-year period, 30 patients (21 men and nine women of median age 52 (range 21-70) years) with acute variceal haemorrhage uncontrolled by initial treatment underwent early emergency oesophageal transection. Portal hypertension was caused by alcoholic cirrhosis in 22 patients; other forms of cirrhosis were present in seven and portal vein thrombosis in one. Hepatic function immediately before operation was Pugh grade A in two patients, B in six and C in 22. Deterioration between admission and transection from grade A to B occurred in one patient and from B to C in five. Oesophageal transection stopped variceal haemorrhage in 29 of the 30 patients. Rebleeding from gastric varices within 35 days of surgery occurred in five patients. Postoperative haemorrhage also occurred from perioesophageal vessels (two patients), a gastrotomy (one) and oesophageal ulceration (two). Hepatic failure developed in seven patients, renal failure in five and both hepatic and renal failure in four. Mortality at 30 days occurred in neither of the two patients with liver function of grade A, in one of six of grade B and in 18 of 22 of grade C. The overall 30-day mortality rate was thus 63 per cent. Mortality was related to the preoperative Pugh grade (hazard ratio 3.95 per grade; P = 0.013) and preoperative blood transfusion (hazard ratio 1.37 per unit; P = 0.035). Four of six patients with grade B liver function died within 3 months and 21 of 22 with grade C disease within 1 year. Oesophageal transection is effective at stopping variceal bleeding but does not modify the underlying disease. Caution is urged for patients with grade C hepatocellular impairment proceeding to acute oesophageal transection after initial sclerotherapy. Such patients may benefit more from treatment with somatostatin or an intrahepatic porta-systemic stent shunt while awaiting definitive therapy.
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PMID:Emergency oesophageal transection for uncontrolled variceal haemorrhage. 792 95


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