Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this study is to describe the presence of neuroendocrine (NE) cells (paraneurons), producing biogenic amines and/or peptidergic hormones, in the female urethra of cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses, by means of histochemical and double labeling immunofluorescent techniques. 5-Hydroxy-tryptamine-, chromogranin A-, cholecystokinin- and somatostatin-containing NE cells are present in the urethral epithelium of all the species studied, with the unique exception of the lack of somatostatin cells in the horse. Paraneurons containing 5-hydroxytryptamine colocalized with chromogranin A or cholecystokinin were also found in all subjects. Such active substances are hypothesized to play a role in the contraction of the urethral musculature, emission of urogenital fluids, and inhibition of endocrine and exocrine secretions.
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PMID:Immunocytochemistry of paraneurons in the female urethra of the horse, cattle, sheep, and pig. 135 70

Endocrine-paracrine (EP) cells are normal cellular constituents of the human genitourinary tract. We examined the distribution and immunostaining profile of EP cells in von Brunn's nests and glandular metaplasia in the supramontanal (proximal) prostatic urethra of adult males and in prostatic ducts of the male fetal urethra. In 15/17 transurethral prostatic resection specimens there were argyrophilic cells and/or serotonin and neuronspecific enolase containing cells in von Brunn's nests/glandular metaplasia and in the supramontanal prostatic urethra. All seven fetal specimens examined contained EP cells and five had focal calcitonin immunoreactivity in prostatic ducts and ductal buds. One adult resection specimen had focal staining for human chorionic gonadotrophin and no case showed staining for somatostatin. These results further support the contention that von Brunn's nests and glandular metaplasia are probably normal urothelial variants in the adult supramontanal prostatic urethra.
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PMID:The endocrine-paracrine cells of von Brunn's nests and glandular metaplasia in the supramontanal prostatic urethra. 236 51

Specimens obtained by transurethral sphincterectomy from patients with spinal cord injury and carcinoma of the bladder were studied immunohistochemically. In the smooth muscle region of the sphincter, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, substance P- and somatostatin-immunoreactive fluorescent, varicose nerve fibers were seen. In the striated muscle region, VIP-immunoreactive nerves were found around striated muscle fibers and bundles, while somatostatin- and substance P-immunoreactive nerves were confined to nerve bundles. In both the smooth and striated muscle regions of the intrinsic external urethral sphincter, VIP-immunoreactive nerves were seen around blood vessels. No differences were observed in the immunohistochemical localization of these peptide-containing nerves in the two groups of patients. No immunofluorescence for [Met]enkephalin, bombesin, neurotensin or serotonin was found in any nerves in the urethra.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, somatostatin- and substance P-immunoreactive nerves in the smooth and striated muscle of the intrinsic external urethral sphincter of patients with spinal cord injury. 242 76

Peptide-hormone- and serotonin-immunoreactive cells of endocrine type are present both in the normal prostatic gland and in the nodules of benign prostatic hyperplasia of man. They are located in the epithelium of the acini and the ducts of all the different parts of the gland, as well as in the urothelium of the prostatic part of the mucosa of the urethra. The endocrine cells are usually argyrophil, sometimes even argentaffin, and immunoreactive with neuron-specific enolase; they can be either of open or of closed type and usually occur widely scattered as single cells. Three kinds of endocrine cells were observed both in the normal gland and in the hyperplastic parenchyma. In the by far most prevalent type serotonin was found to co-exist with a peptide immunohistochemically related to the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). In a more rare type serotonin co-existed immunohistochemically with calcitonin. The third kind of endocrine cells was somatostatin-immunoreactive cells; they were also rather rare. The only difference observed between the normal and hyperplastic parenchyma was an increase in the number of all the three kinds of endocrine cells in the hyperplastic nodules. The endocrine cells could easily be visualized by means of silver-staining techniques, even using conventionally formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens.
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PMID:Peptide-hormone- and serotonin-immunoreactive cells in normal and hyperplastic prostate glands. 243

The distribution, immunostaining profile and ultrastructural morphology of human female urethral and paraurethral endocrine-paracrine (APUD) cells was studied. Five urethras obtained from radical cystectomy specimens were stained with antisera to serotonin, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, bombesin, calcitonin, somatostatin, prostatic acid phosphatase, prostatic specific antigen and with the Churukian-Schenk argyrophil method. Numerous endocrine-paracrine cells were observed along the entire length of resected urethra, with these cells most numerous in the paraurethral ducts. The endocrine-paracrine cells were positive for serotonin, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin and the argyrophil reaction. Scattered bombesin and very rare calcitonin immunoreactive cells were noted. The endocrine-paracrine cells were of the open (luminal extensions) and closed cell types and often had multiple long dendritic processes suggesting a primarily paracrine function. By electron microscopy the secretory granule morphology was highly variable. Autonomic innervation of endocrine-paracrine cells was noted. The relationship of female urethral and paraurethral endocrine-paracrine cells to those of the male prostate and urethra is discussed with speculation as to the functional role these cells may play.
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PMID:Endocrine-paracrine (APUD) cells of the human female urethra and paraurethral ducts. 243 33

Calcitonin- and serotonin-storing cells have been immunocharacterized in prostate gland, urethra, urinary bladder and anal canal. In addition, a few hCG and somatostatin immunoreactive cells have been detected in prostate gland. All these cells were dispersed throughout the epithelial lining. In the anal canal, calcitonin cells were exclusively confined to the anal ducts and anal transitional zone epithelium. Calcitonin and serotonin cells were seen in some examples of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Combined techniques most often showed coexistence of calcitonin and serotonin immunoreactivities in the same endocrine cell. hCG immunoreactive cells corresponded to a subpopulation of serotonin-, calcitonin-storing cells. Calcitonin and serotonin cells were present in most organs which originated from the cloaca. In this territory, this distinctive endocrine pattern could be regarded as an excellent marker of cloacal derived tissues. These tissues constitute an additional site for extrathyroid C-cells. It is likely that calcitonin cells are a component of some prostatic adenocarcinomas.
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PMID:Calcitonin immunoreactive cells in prostate gland and cloacal derived tissues. 287 50

The detrusor muscle, bladder neck, proximal, middle and distal regions of the urethra of the female pig were studied by histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to localize catecholamine-containing, acetylcholinesterase-positive and peptide-containing nerves. The peptides examined included: vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, somatostatin, [Met]enkephalin, bombesin and gastrin. The greatest density of nerves was found in the smooth muscle of the distal urethra, followed by the bladder neck, middle urethra, and proximal urethra, with the least in the detrusor muscle. The greatest number of nerve fibres stained for acetylcholinesterase, followed by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and catecholamine-containing fibres. Substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibres were confined to the bladder neck and distal urethral regions. [Met]enkephalin-and gastrin-immunoreactive nerves were most dense in the distal urethra but absent in detrusor muscle, while somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibres were sparsely distributed throughout the lower urinary tract. No nerve fibres showing immunoreactivity to bombesin were found. Catecholamine-containing, acetylcholinesterase-positive, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, substance P-, [Met]enkephalin- and gastrin-immunoreactive nerves were also found on the adventitial-medial border of blood vessels in the pig urinary tract. In the intrinsic external urethral sphincter, located in the distal urethra, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and gastrin-immunoreactive nerve fibres were found bordering a small number of individual striated muscle fibres, while catecholamine-containing nerves were found predominantly in the connective tissue surrounding the striated muscle fibres. Dense populations of acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibres were found associated with the striated muscle fibres, with end plates on some of them. Intramural ganglia, composed of two to 30 neurones, were found in the bladder neck and middle and distal regions of the urethra. In the smooth muscle, and in the vicinity of the striated muscle regions of the intrinsic external urethral sphincter, there were small ganglia, containing two to three neurones, which were vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, [Met]enkephalin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive. The results are compared to the autonomic innervation of the human bladder and urethra as previously described and it is concluded that the lower urinary tract of the pig is a good model for some features of the lower urinary tract of man, but a poor model for others.
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PMID:A histochemical and immunohistochemical study of the autonomic innervation of the lower urinary tract of the female pig. Is the pig a good model for the human bladder and urethra? 291 69

Isolated urethral preparations from rabbit and man responded to transmural electrical stimulation with contraction when the basal tension was low, and with relaxation when the preparations were contracted by noradrenaline, clonidine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and lysine vasopressin. Both contractant and relaxant responses were abolished by tetrodotoxin, suggesting that they were caused by the action of transmitters released from nerves. The electrically induced contractions in the rabbit urethra had a threshold frequency of 5 to 6 Hz and maximum was reached at 40 Hz. The responses were markedly reduced by alpha-receptor blockers suggesting that the released contraction-mediating transmitter was mainly noradrenaline. The relaxant response was immediate and rapidly reversible. It was obtained at a threshold frequency of 1 to 2 Hz and maximum was reached at 10 to 15 Hz. It was not inhibited by propranolol, indomethacin, atropine or peptides such as substance P, VIP, vasopressin or somatostatin. Prostaglandin E2, isoprenaline, adenosine-5'-triphosphate and VIP relaxed the noradrenaline contracted rabbit urethra with a time course different from that of the electrically induced relaxation. Nifedipine and "calcium free" solution decreased the noradrenaline induced contraction but did not influence the relaxant response to electrical stimulation. It is suggested that the relaxant response of the isolated noradrenaline-contracted urethra to electrical stimulation is caused by an unknown transmitter released from nerves.
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PMID:Electrically induced relaxation of the noradrenaline contracted isolated urethra from rabbit and man. 613 Nov 47

Immunohistochemical methods were used to study the developing peptidergic innervation of the human fetal prostate gland in a series of specimens ranging in gestational age from 13 to 30 wk. The overall innervation of each specimen was visualised using protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), a general nerve marker. The onset and development of specific neuropeptide-containing subpopulations were investigated using antisera to neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), bombesin (BOM), somatostatin (SOM), leu-enkephalin (l-ENK) and met-enkephalin (m-ENK). In addition the occurrence and distribution of presumptive noradrenergic nerves was studied using antisera to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). At 13 wk numerous branching PGP-immunoreactive (-IR) nerves were observed in the capsule of the developing prostate gland and surrounding the preprostatic urethra but the remainder of the gland was devoid of nerves. The majority of nerves in the capsule contained D beta H and TH and were presumed to be noradrenergic in type while other nerves (in decreasing numbers) contained NPY, l-ENK, SP and CGRP. Nerves associated with the preprostatic urethra did not contain any of the neuropeptides under investigation. At 17 wk the density of nerves in the capsule had increased and occasional m-ENK-, VIP- and BOM-IR nerve fibres were also observed. In addition PGP, D beta H-, TH-, NPY- and l-ENK-IR nerves occurred in association with smooth muscle bundles which at 17 wk were present in the outer part of the gland. Occasional PGP-IR nerves were also present at the base of the epithelium forming some of the prostatic glands. At 23 wk some of the subepithelial nerves showed immunoreactivity for NPY, VIP or l-ENK. At 26 wk smooth muscle bundles occurred throughout the gland and were richly innervated by PGP, D beta H and TH-IR nerves while a less dense plexus was formed by NPY- and l-ENK-IR nerves together with a few m-ENK-IR nerves. Occasional smooth muscle-associated varicose nerve fibres showed immunoreactivity for SP, CGRP, VIP or BOM although the majority of these types of nerve formed perivascular plexuses. Also at 26 wk numerous varicose nerve fibres were observed in association with the prostatic acini, the majority of such nerves containing NPY with a few showing immunoreactivity to VIP, l-ENK, SP or CGRP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Development of peptide-containing nerves in the human fetal prostate gland. 759 78

The distribution of NO synthase (NOS) immunoreactive nerves and the possible co-existence with other neurotransmitters were investigated in the pig lower urinary tract. NOS immunoreactive nerves were found in the muscle layer, in the lamina propria and around blood vessels. The density of NOS immunoreactive nerves was more prominent in the trigone and urethra than in the detrusor. All parts of the lower urinary tract were supplied by numerous acetylcholine esterase (AChE) positive nerves. The number of adrenergic nerves in the trigone and urethra was moderate to rich, whereas only very few adrenergic nerves were demonstrated in the detrusor. A low to moderate number of nerve fibres containing neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were observed in the trigone and urethra, while very few were found in the detrusor. A small number of nerves, confined to the trigone and urethra, were stained for calcitonin-gene-related peptide, somatostatin and leu-enkephalin. Nerve fibres exhibiting immunoreactivity to bombesin/gastrin releasing peptide, gastrin/cholecystokinin, substance P or neurokinin A were virtually absent. Co-localization studies revealed that some NOS-immunoreactive nerves also stained for NPY, VIP or AChE. The present study shows that nitrergic nerves are present in the pig lower urinary tract in a density lower than the cholinergic, but higher than any of the studied peptidergic nerves. Coinciding localization of NOS-positive nerves with nerves expressing AChE, VIP and NPY suggests that NO may have a role as a messenger in the lower urinary tract directly and by interaction with other transmitters.
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PMID:Co-existence of nitrergic, peptidergic and acetylcholine esterase-positive nerves in the pig lower urinary tract. 761


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