Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have studied three examples of benign thyroid tumours which conform to the lesion recently described as hyalinizing trabecular adenoma. The prominent feature of this trabecular epithelial lesion is the extracellular deposition of an eosinophilic material that does not show the features of amyloid; the epithelial cells may be elongated, sometimes radially arranged around the eosinophilic material. All three tumours showed positive immunocytochemical staining for thyroglobulin, keratin, chromogranin and neuron-specific enolase. One tumour showed isolated cells with immunoreactivity for somatostatin, argyrophil cytoplasmic granularity with the Grimelius technique, and ultrastructurally demonstrable cytoplasmic electron-dense endocrine granules. The hyaline extracellular material in all three tumours showed strong immunoreactivity for both type IV collagen and laminin. Previous radiation may be important in the causation of this tumour, and it shows a frequent association with severe thyroiditis. We conclude that the main histological feature of this lesion, the hyaline material, is due to the overproduction of a basement membrane-like material by the neoplastic follicular cells. The presence in one tumour of evidence of endocrine differentiation may reflect the potential for follicular cells to show biphasic differentiation, a feature which may be more frequent than has been previously recognized. Several of the other features of this tumour--for example the frequent intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions--may lead to diagnostic problems, and the entity deserves wider recognition.
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PMID:Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of the thyroid. A report of three cases with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. 247 37

A deceased 59-year-old woman with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus complicated by chronic thyroiditis and chronic hepatitis was autopsied. She had had diabetes mellitus since she was 30 years old, and insulin therapy was started at 34 years. Laboratory findings were as follows: s-GOT 85, s-GPT 31, gamma-globulin 2.45 g/dl. Immunological tests were positive for anti-smooth muscle antibody and anti-ENA antibody with high titers of antithyroglobulin and anti-microsome antibodies. HLA analysis revealed the presence of DR-4. The thyroid biopsy specimen showed microscopic features characteristic of chronic thyroiditis at 52 years of age. She had been repeatedly admitted for the control of diabetes mellitus. She was admitted for the 9th time in June, 1987 following complaints of abdominal pain. After admission, her general condition became gradually worse, and she died of peritonitis in September, 1987. Pathological examination of the liver revealed an expansion of fibrous tissue on Glisson's capsule accompanied by lymphocytic infiltration and was diagnosed to be chronic inactive hepatitis. As for the thyroid gland, fibrous tissue replaced an extensive area of the thyroid gland, and normal thyroid tissue was not observed. Lymphocytic infiltration was less in comparison with that in the previous biopsy. As for the pancreas, atrophy of exocrine pancreatic tissue and fibrous change in interstitial tissue was observed. Lymphocytic infiltration was also seen in the interstitial exocrine tissue but not in the islet. Immunohistochemical examination of the islets using anti-insulin, glucagon and somatostatin antibodies by ABC peroxidase method showed the selective disappearance of B cells in the islets. The pathological changes in the thyroid gland, liver and pancreas suggest that autoimmune mechanism may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic thyroiditis, chronic hepatitis and IDDM with exocrine pancreatic impairment in this case.
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PMID:[An autopsied case of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus complicated by chronic thyroiditis and chronic hepatitis]. 259 7

The serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level is decreased in acromegalic patients. Although this phenomenon is thought to be caused by the enhanced secretion of somatostatin which suppresses TSH production, it has not yet been proven. We describe a 60-year-old woman with acromegaly who showed a low concentration of TSH. We diagnosed her as painless thyroiditis based on an increased level of thyroglobulin, depressed radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU), normal vascularity and mild swelling of the thyroid, and normal T3, T4, free T3 and free T4 levels. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case of acromegaly complicated by painless thyroiditis. The differential diagnosis between central hypothyroidism and painless thyroiditis is so important. Since it is difficult to diagnose precisely based on only the data of a low level of TSH and normal levels of thyroid hormones, we consider that measurement of thyroglobulin and RAIU is necessary when the complication of painless thyroiditis is suspected.
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PMID:Painless thyroiditis complicated by acromegaly. 2007 83

Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are rare, but their incidence is gradually increasing. In this study, demographical and tumor characteristics, treatment modalities, responses, and survival rates were evaluated in the patients with NET. Seventy-one patients with NET from 3 tertiary care centers evaluated retrospectively. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and disease-free survival rates were estimated by Kaplan-Meier Method. Male/female ratio was 0.86 (33/38). Median age was 52 years. Rates for family cancer history and goiter/thyroiditis were 22.4 and 17.8%, respectively. The most common primary site was lung (22.5%), in parallel with the literature, and 31% had the large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma histology. The second most common site was stomach. Carcinoid syndrome rate was found to be 30.6%. Half of the patients were in early stage at diagnosis. Surgical resection rate was 64.7, and 45% of the patient received chemotherapy (CT), 22% received radiotherapy. Seventy-six percent of resected patients had local disease. Thirty-two patients received CT for palliation or concurrent with radiotherapy or in adjuvant setting. Platin/etoposide combination was the most commonly used chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy response rate was 35.7%. Five patients had received somatostatin analogue. Radiotherapy was used in adjuvant setting in one-third of the patients. Median OS was 66 months, and median PFS was 30 months. Female gender and fifth decade seem to have higher risk. History for family cancer and goiter/thyroiditis was high in the patients with NET, though there is no data about an association between NET and thyroid disorders in the literature.
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PMID:Retrospective analysis of seventy-one patients with neuroendocrine tumor and review of the literature. 2161 56

Somatostatin analogues are commercially available and used for the management of acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumours, but the expression of the receptors as a target in thyroid disease has not been explored. To assess somatostatin (SST) and somatostatin receptor (SSTR1-5) expression in both normal and thyroid disorders, as a potential target for somatostatin analogue therapy, 67 thyroid tissue specimens were reviewed: 12 differentiated thyroid carcinomas, 14 follicular adenomas, 17 multinodular goitres, 14 Graves disease, 10 Hashimotos thyroiditis specimens and five normal thyroids. Tissue was immunostained for SST and SSTR1-5. Positivity and the degree of positivity were recorded by double-blinded observers. Somatostatin receptor expression was highly expressed in normal tissue for SSTR1, 3, 4 and 5 (5 of 5, 4 of 5, 4 of 5 and 5 of 5 respectively) whilst SST and SSTR 2a and b were not expressed at all. The commonest receptor expressed for all pathological subtypes grouped together was SSTR2b (63 specimens). The commonest receptors expressed in differentiated thyroid cancer were SSTR5 (11 of 12 specimens) and SSTR2b (10 of 12 specimens). The commonest receptor expressed in benign disease was SSTR2b (53 of 55 specimens). SSTR5 was significantly under-expressed in Graves disease (P < 0.05). This study illustrates that SSTR 1, 3, 4 and 5 are highly expressed in normal, benign and malignant thyroid tissue. SSTR 2a and 2b appear absent in normal tissue and present in benign and malignant thyroid tissue (P < 0.02). This suggests that focussed SSTR2 treatment may be a potential therapeutic target.
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PMID:Somatostatin receptor expression in thyroid disease. 2367 66

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are increasingly recognized, characterized by prolonged survival even with metastatic disease. Their medical treatment is complex involving various specialties, necessitating awareness of treatment-related adverse effects (AEs). As GEP-NENs express somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), long-acting somatostatin analogs (SSAs) that are used for secretory syndrome and tumor control may lead to altered glucose metabolism. Everolimus and sunitinib are molecular targeted agents that affect glucose and lipid metabolism and may induce hypothyroidism or hypocalcemia, respectively. Chemotherapeutic drugs can affect the reproductive system and water homeostasis, whereas immunotherapeutic agents can cause hypophysitis and thyroiditis or other immune-mediated disorders. Treatment with radiopeptides may temporarily lead to radiation-induced hormone disturbances. As drugs targeting GEP-NENs are increasingly introduced, recognition and management of endocrine-related AEs may improve compliance and the quality of life of these patients.
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PMID:Endocrinological Toxicity Secondary to Treatment of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (GEP-NENs). 3183 42

Thyroiditis developing post pituitary surgery in a case of TSH secreting tumor has been reported, albeit rarely. A 46 year old female was treated as a case of hypothyroidism for almost five years, however, TSH levels remained unsuppressed in spite of increasing thyroxine doses. A cyclic pattern of TSH with T3 secretion was observed after stopping thyroxine, though T4 levels were normal. T3 suppression test revealed a non suppressed TSH and MRI sella revealed a pituitary mass with Grade 1 cavernous sinus invasion. With a diagnosis of TSH secreting tumor, the patient was initiated on octreotide therapy. TFT normalized within 4 days of initiation of octreotide, tumor size reduced by about 30% within 2 months of therapy and goiter size reduced to almost half with octreotide therapy. Anti TPO levels which were initially negative became positive within a month of octreotide therapy and FNAC thyroid revealed thyroiditis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case report of development of thyroiditis after octreotide therapy. The immunomodulatory role of TSH and somatostatin may have a role in the development of thyroiditis in this case.
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PMID:THYROIDITIS DEVELOPING POST INITIATION OF OCTREOTIDE IN A CASE OF TSH SECRETING TUMOR. 3268 45