Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The heterogeneity of muscarinic receptors has been well supported by differential characteristics between pirenzepine and atropine both in receptor binding and in whole tissue pharmacology studies. Under these conditions pirenzepine has been classified as a selective receptor antagonist with high affinity for M1 receptors. The antisecretory properties of pirenzepine on gastric acid and pepsin secretion may be attributed to the antagonistic activity of the drug on muscarinic M1 receptors of gastric intramural plexuses, whereas the effect on parietal muscarinic M2 receptors seems of less importance. Additional inhibitory mechanisms on gastric secretion may be represented by pirenzepine-induced increase in somatostatin release from gastrointestinal system. Significant cytoprotective properties of pirenzepine have been observed on a variety of experimentally induced peptic ulcerations. This protective activity may be due to pirenzepine-induced increase in gastric mucosal blood flow as well as to the increase in gastric transmural electric potential difference. In accordance with this pharmacodynamic profile of pirenzepine, numerous clinical studies have revealed its efficacy in the treatment of both duodenal and gastric ulcerations. In addition to this, the clinical usefulness of the drug has been demonstrated in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, in stress ulceration, in acute gastrointestinal bleeding as well as in gastritis, duodenitis and non-ulcer dyspepsia. In most of the studies pirenzepine has been found to be well tolerated with a low incidence of antimuscarinic effects which may occur at salivary, ocular, cardiac and urinary sites. The clinical use of pirenzepine alone or in association with H2 blockers is recommended in the treatment of peptic ulcer patients, in the case of acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage and in patients non responders to H2 antagonists.
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PMID:[A selective antimuscarinic agent: pirenzepine. Review of its pharmacologic and clinical properties]. 257 37

Gastric and duodenal biopsies from 90 patients with various acid peptic disorders-reflux esophagitis (n = 24), gastric ulcer (n = 13), duodenal ulcer (n = 47) and nonulcer dyspepsia (n = 6)-were examined. Seven patients with minimal dyspeptic symptoms and an endoscopically and histologically normal stomach and duodenum served as controls. Immunoperoxidase staining for gastrin-producing G cells, somatostatin-producing D cells and serotonin-producing EC cells was carried out on fundic, antral and duodenal biopsies, and was quantified using a Zeiss MOP Videoplan using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique of Sternberger. In the gastric antrum, a G:D:EC cell ratio of approximately 1.6:1:1-was observed. In the duodenum the corresponding ratio was 1:1:2.4. No significant differences were observed within any of the major diagnostic categories. Patient age, sex, duration of symptoms, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use had no effect on endocrine cell densities. Reduced G cell density in the descending duodenum was observed in the presence of mild duodenitis in four patients. In four patients with evidence of antral intestinal metaplastic changes, a significant increase in duodenal G cell densities was found. These results suggest that a change in the number of G, D or EC cells does not play a primary role in the pathophysiology of acid peptic disorders in the majority of patients.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical and morphometric studies of gastrin-, somatostatin- and serotonin-producing cells in the stomach and duodenum of patients with acid peptic disorders. 919 76