Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors refer on the combination of the administration of artificial nutrition with enterohormone Somatostatin in a group of 16 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), complicated by the occurrence of fistulas. The sole administration of total parenteral or enteral nutrition led in each case to a significant reduction of secretion from the fistulas, and in two cases to their complete closing. Apart from this, the nutritional status of the patients improved. The administration of Somatostatin i.v. in the form of the preparation Stilamin led to a further reduction of secretion from the fistulae. Complete closing of the fistulae due to a combination of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or total enteral nutrition (TEN) and Stilamin, was achieved in only 2 patients, but the combination use of tissue sealant Histoacryle with the treatment resulted in a closure of the fistulas in a further 2 patients. Altogether the application of this treatment resulted in closing 6 fistulas (37.5%). The authors consider that the above mentioned methods can open new prospectives, but this requires further experience.
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PMID:New alternatives for the treatment of fistulas in Crohn's disease. 871 89

Regulatory neuropeptides are widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract, where they play an important role in motility, secretion, and immune and inflammatory responses. In this study, the rectal mucosal content of somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP), beta-endorphin (BE), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was measured by radioimmunoassay in 56 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), 15 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 15 patients with acute infectious colitis (AIC), and 11 controls, who showed no inflammation of the rectal mucosa, nor abnormal bowel movements. The content of immunoreactive (ir)-SOM was decreased in UC patients, especially in those with persistent disease activity, while the levels of ir-SP, BE, and TRH were increased in such patients. Some changes of ir-peptide levels were also observed in CD and AIC patients. The changes in neuropeptide levels were analyzed in relation to histological grades of inflammation in UC patients, grades 4-5 showing the most significant changes. The levels of ir-SOM, SP, BE, and TRH showed no significant change in chronic persistent UC when measured 6-12 months after the initial examination. In contrast, in patients with remitting intermittent UC, the levels of SP and BE decreased during remission. Abnormal intestinal neuropeptide content may be implicated in the continued mucosal immune and inflammatory responses that are manifested in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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PMID:Abnormal neuropeptide concentration in rectal mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. 884 73

Somatostatin receptors have been identified in a variety of neuroendocrine tumors and activated leukocytes. A high density of somatostatin receptors is also present in most intestinal intramural veins of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. We present a case of a 25-yr-old female with severe Crohn's disease unresponsive to medical therapy, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) administration. The patient underwent (111)In-DTPA octreotide scintigraphy to evaluate the potential role of somatostatin receptor imaging in inflammatory bowel disease. Despite the lack of significant somatostatin receptors in the affected bowel, an unexpected prominent activity of (111)In-DTPA octreotide was noted in the adrenal glands on the SPECT images, presumably resulting from excessive stimulation by ACTH. The expression of somatostatin receptors in the stimulated adrenals may be used to image other adrenal pathologies and could potentially indicate response to therapy.
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PMID:Adrenal glands imaging with indium-111-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide following ACTH therapy. 929 15

In the last 20 years considerable progress has been achieved--among others--in motility associated disorders, in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease) and in the treatment and prophylaxis of bleeding from esophageal varices. The motility associated diseases achalasia, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome and intestinal pseudoobstruction can be better treated now with drugs which either promote or inhibit motility. In chronic-inflammatory bowel diseases controlled studies have defined the role of salazosulfapyridine, 5-aminosalicylic acid, glucocorticoids, azathioprine and metronidazole. The bleeding from esophageal varices is handled nowadays successfully with a combination of mechanical treatment (sclerosing and banding) and lowering the portal pressure by vasoactive substances or the somatostatin analogue octreotide. The prophylaxis of bleeding with noncardioselective betablockers is also introduced on the base of controlled trials.
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PMID:[Gastroenterology. I: General gastroenterology]. 949 75

Different neuropeptide-containing nerve fibers were investigated to clarify their role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) using immunohisto- and immunocytochemical techniques. Specimens were obtained from patients with CD from grossly affected colonic regions, from biopsies obtained from patients with CD treated with mesalazine and from control individuals. Quantitative analysis was made for the changes of the number of nerve terminals and their vesicle contents. The distribution pattern of all immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers was similar both in the control and in the surgical specimens as well as in the biopsies obtained. The number of the synapses, the IR nerve fibers and their vesicle content were markedly decreased in the grossly affected colonic regions. Some degenerated axons were found in close proximity to the plasma cells. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin IR nerve fibers were in direct contact with the plasma cells, lymphocytes and other immunocompetent cells. The gap between the membranes of immunoreactive nerve terminals and immunocompetent cells was 20-200 nm, in a few cases even less. In the mesalazine-treated group the number of the IR nerve terminals as well as their vesicle content was increased. These results suggest that changes in the number of different neuropeptide-containing nerve terminals and their content might alter the neuroimmunological processes, because these peptides are known to be immunoregulators.
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PMID:Direct morphological evidence of neuroimmunomodulation in colonic mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease. 965 Aug 18

Information about the expression of neuropeptide receptors is limited in human peripheral tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract, as compared to the brain. A detailed evaluation of binding sites for gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), gastrin/cholecystokinin, neurotensin, substance P and somatostatin was therefore undertaken in human colon using in vitro receptor autoradiography and subtype characterization with receptor-selective ligands. GRP receptors, Y2 receptors, PACAP type1-receptors, cholecystokinin-A receptors, neurotensinl and sst2 receptors were abundantly expressed in the myenteric plexus. Y2, neurotensinl and sst2 receptors were also strongly expressed in the submucosal plexus. Furthermore, expression of GRP receptors, neurokinin (NK)1 receptors, VIP type2-receptors and sst2 receptors was found in the mucosa-directed margin of the circular smooth muscle where the interstitial cells of Cajal are located. A variable and complementary expression of GRP receptors, VIP/PACAP receptors, Y2 neurotensinl, NK1 and somatostatin receptors was found in the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle. NK1 and Y1 receptors were often detected in arteries and veins, while VIP/PACAP and sst2 receptors were found in lymphoid follicles. Y2, VIP type, and sst2 receptors were present in the colonic mucosa. Y2 was strongly expressed in the muscularis mucosae. This study shows that neuropeptide receptors are expressed in high amounts and in highly specific patterns in distinct targets in the human colon, suggesting a major physiological role for these peptides. The data represent the molecular basis to investigate the regulation by neuropeptides of colonic functions and to develop neuropeptide drugs aimed at interacting with these receptors in colonic diseases, such as Hirschsprung's and Crohn's diseases.
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PMID:Localization and characterization of neuropeptide receptors in human colon. 1168 16

Inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS) mainly includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). UC and CD are chronic and recurrent conditions, with a tendency to exacerbations and remissions. The incidence of diseases worldwide has increased over the last years. Although the etiology of inflammatory bowel syndrome has been studied intensively it still remains unclear. The development and persistence of inflammation is an effect of numerous factors: proinflammatory (aggressive), regulating bowel mucosa homeostasis and protective factors. Proinflammatory factors include intestinal bacteria, bile acids, digestive enzymes, lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans. Protective mechanisms are impermeability of mucosa barrier, presence of intestinal mucus, activity of secretive immunoglobulins, some prostaglandins and interleukins, glutamine, somatostatin, cortisol and short-chain fatty acids. Factors modifying intestinal mucosa homeostasis consist of genetically determined immunoregulators and activity of intestinal mucosa barrier and some environmental factors (diet, smoking, infections, stress, antibiotics and others). Environmental factors are jointly responsible for IBS occurrence in case of genetically determined dysregulation leading to proinflammatory cytokines overproduction or disturbances in synthesis of cytokines regulating intestinal mucosa homeostasis.
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PMID:[Environmental factors in the etiopathology of inflammatory bowel syndrome]. 1555 1

Cortistatin is a recently discovered cyclic neuropeptide related to somatostatin that has emerged as a potential endogenous antiinflammatory factor based on its production by, and binding to, immune cells. Crohn's disease is a chronic debilitating disease characterized by severe T helper 1 (Th1)-driven inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study is to investigate the therapeutic effect of cortistatin in a murine model of colitis. Cortistatin treatment significantly ameliorated the clinical and histopathologic severity of the inflammatory colitis, abrogating body weight loss, diarrhea, and inflammation and increased the survival rate of the colitic mice. The therapeutic effect was associated with down-regulation of inflammatory and Th1-driven autoimmune response, including the regulation of a wide spectrum of inflammatory mediators. In addition, a partial involvement of regulatory IL-10-secreting T cells in this therapeutic effect was demonstrated. Importantly, cortistatin treatment was therapeutically effective in established colitis and avoided the recurrence of the disease. This work identifies cortistatin as an antiinflammatory factor with the capacity to deactivate the intestinal inflammatory response and restore mucosal immune tolerance at multiple levels. Consequently, cortistatin represents a multistep therapeutic approach for the treatment of Crohn's disease and other Th1-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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PMID:Cortistatin, an antiinflammatory peptide with therapeutic action in inflammatory bowel disease. 1653 13

Gallstone disease is common: >700,000 cholecystectomies and costs of approximately 6.5 billion dollars annually in the U.S. The burden of disease is epidemic in American Indians (60-70%); a corresponding decrease occurs in Hispanics of mixed Indian origin. Ten to fifteen per cent of white adults in developed countries harbour gallstones. Frequency is further reduced in Black Americans, East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, cholesterol gallstones predominate; 15% are black pigment. East Asians develop brown pigment stones in bile ducts, associated with biliary infection or parasites, or in intrahepatic ducts (hepatolithiasis). Certain risk factors for gallstones are immutable: female gender, increasing age and ethnicity/family (genetic traits). Others are modifiable: obesity, the metabolic syndrome, rapid weight loss, certain diseases (cirrhosis, Crohn's disease) and gallbladder stasis (from spinal cord injury or drugs like somatostatin). The only established dietary risk is a high caloric intake. Protective factors include diets containing fibre, vegetable protein, nuts, calcium, vitamin C, coffee and alcohol, plus physical activity.
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PMID:Gallstone disease: Epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. 1712 83

Somatostatin receptors have been identified in many tissues throughout the human body. Alterations in the expression of somatostatin receptors have been reported in many disease states including both tumorous and nontumorous conditions. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy utilizing OctreoScan (Mallinckrodt Medical, Inc., St. Louis, MO), a radiolabled form of octreotide, has been reported to be a highly sensitive imaging technique for identifying pathology, such as neuroendocrine tumors, that are somatostatin receptor dense. Unfortunately, many conditions cause an increase in the quantity of somatostatin receptors and therefore may cause false positive Octreoscans. In this report, we discuss the alterations in somatostatin receptors that occur with Crohn's disease and describe a case of an OctreoScan-positive inflammatory mass mimicking a carcinoid tumor.
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PMID:OctreoScan positive Crohn's disease mimicking an ileal carcinoid tumor. 1809 93


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