Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma were investigated by immunoperoxidase staining techniques to evaluate the diagnostic significance of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), somatostatin (SOM), a-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (a-hCG), serotonin (5-HT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) immunoreactivity as diagnostic markers in comparison to different calcitonin (CT) staining patterns. Twenty three cases exhibited a strong (group I) or moderate (group II) staining intensity for CT and did not need further immunocytochemical proof for classifying them as medullary carcinoma. From seven cases which showed only a weak or borderline CT-immunoreactivity (group III), six stained positively for NSE and four positively for CEA. SOM-positive cells were identified in six cases and a-hCG or 5-HT-positive cells respectively in three cases of group III. Twenty follicular and 20 papillary carcinomas also included in this study did not react with any of the above mentioned antibodies. Therefore, NSE and CEA represent useful additional diagnostic markers particularly for the identification of medullary carcinoma with weak or borderline CT-immunoreactivity. The identification of other peptides may also be helpful in demarcating it from thyroid tumours of follicular cell origin.
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PMID:The value of immunohistochemistry in medullary thyroid carcinoma: a systematic study of 30 cases. 241 31

Four cases of argyrophilic or carcinoid-like prostatic carcinoma were studied immunocytochemically, using immunoperoxidase stains for prostatic-specific antigen, neuron-specific enolase, hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), somatostatin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. All four showed strong positive reaction to prostatic-specific antigen and uniformly negative results with neuron-specific enolase, hydroxytryptamine, somatostatin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. These findings lend further support to the concept that this particular prostatic tumor is truly a carcinoma that somehow manifests a carcinoid-like histomorphology, but does not possess evidence of true neuroendocrine or carcinoidal nature.
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PMID:Argyrophilic, 'carcinoid-like' prostatic carcinoma. An immunocytochemical study. 242 35

Three cases of pancreatoblastoma in children were examined immunohistochemically and the results were compared with those of pancreatic duct carcinoma in adults. The pancreatoblastoma demonstrated positive reactions to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (67%: 2/3), alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) (100%: 3/3), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (67%: 2/3) and keratin (33%: 1/3), although CEA was only weakly positive in both cases. On the other hand, adult pancreatic duct carcinoma showed positive reactions as follows; AFP: 3% (1/29), AAT: 21% (6/29), CEA: 97% (28/29) and keratin: 93% (27/29). Also, endocrine substances including insulin, glucagon and somatostatin were all negative in the pancreatoblastomas. Two cases of pancreatoblastoma which were immunohistochemically positive for AFP also showed elevation of the serum AFP level clinically. The different expressive pattern of oncofetal antigens in pancreatoblastoma as compared with pancreatic duct carcinoma in adults may provide further supporting evidence for the embryonic nature of pancreatoblastoma, and suggests that such a pattern might be used as a tumor marker for pancreatoblastoma.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of pancreatoblastoma. 244 37

Among 284 cases of carcinoma of the gallbladder, 21 were identified as undifferentiated carcinoma (UC), with little glandular or other specific epithelial differentiation. These tumors were classified into three histologic types according to the components: (1) small cell type (eight cases); (2) pleomorphic cell type (eight cases); and (3) spindle cell or pseudosarcomatous type (five cases). Histochemical and immunohistochemical study by the immunoperoxidase technique revealed that most of the tumors (13/21) contained mucosubstances, and that all examples of the UC were immunoreactive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), keratin, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), thereby indicating the epithelial nature of the neoplastic cells. Vimentin immunoreactivity was found in nine tumors. In 19, the tumor contained various neoplastic endocrine cells, including somatostatin-immunoreactive (14/19), gastrin-immunoreactive (14/19), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-immunoreactive (9/19), pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive (4/19), and serotonin-immunoreactive cells (4/19). The prognosis of patients with UC of the gallbladder was poorer than that of patients with differentiated adenocarcinoma.
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PMID:Undifferentiated carcinoma of the gallbladder. A clinicopathologic, histochemical, and immunohistochemical study of 21 patients with a poor prognosis. 245 57

Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), claimed to represent valuable markers of tumor proliferation, were visualized on paraffin sections by an argyrophil method and counted in 18 nontumorous adenohypophyses and 132 pituitary tumors. The AgNOR counts could not be correlated with the hormonal activity of nontumorous and adenoma cells. In pituitary adenomas, the mean AgNOR values were higher than in their corresponding nontumorous cell types. Some adenomas, especially growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) cell adenomas, however, had AgNOR readings in the range of nontumorous cells. Long-acting somatostatin analog and bromocriptine treatment decreased AgNOR counts in GR- and PRL-producing tumors. Most, but not all invasive and/or recurrent adenomas had high AgNOR counts. In a corticotroph carcinoma, AgNORs were not higher than in the adenomas. These inconsistent results limit, at the present time, the use of AgNORs as reliable markers of cell proliferation in pituitary tumors. Further studies may help to establish the value of this promising method in pituitary pathology.
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PMID:Argyrophil organizer region proteins (AgNORs) in adenohypophysial cells and adenomas of the human pituitary. 247 15

The clinical, microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of 7 gastrinomas and 1 combined carcinoma-carcinoid tumor were evaluated. The tumors were located in the pancreas or duodenal wall in 6 cases, and on extragastro-enteropancreatic sites in 2 (liver or peripancreatic lymph node). All patients had the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 3 of them with additional bleeding and 1 with diarrhea. One patient with gastrinoma had additional tumors characteristic of the MEN-I syndrome. Immunohistochemistry showed gastrin and neuron-specific enolase-positivity in all of the tumors. Somatostatin was found in 4 cases, and single cell glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide. S-100 protein, keratin as well as carcino-embryonic antigen positivity in another few. Additional hormone production did not appear to be connected with biological behaviour of the tumors or with the clinical symptoms.
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PMID:Studies into gastrinomas and combined carcinomatous carcinoid tumors. Optical light- and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. 248 34

Carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas seems to be sex-hormone sensitive. Administration of agonistic analogs of luteinizing hormone--releasing hormone (LH-RH) creates a state of sex-hormone deficiency. Therapy with D-Trp-6-LH-RH was evaluated in 17 patients with unresectable and biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (stage IV). Nine patients were male and 8 female, and the median age at diagnosis was 60 years. The majority of patients underwent a gastro-intestinal and biliary bypass. The therapy with D-Trp-6-LH-RH was started 3-31 days after bypass surgery. The analog was given at the dose of 1 mg/day subcutaneously for the first 7 days. Subsequently, the dose was reduced to 100 micrograms/day. One month after the start of the therapy the gonadotropin levels were in subnormal range. This therapy led to clinical improvement, better quality of life and an increase in survival time. The median survival time for all the groups was 7.2 months (men 7.4 months and women 6.9 months). LH-RH agonists appear to decrease pancreatic cancer growth by eliminating the stimulatory effect of sex steroids, and by direct effects on tumors. Further improvement in the clinical response in patients with inoperable pancreatic carcinoma might be possibly obtained by the combination of LH--RH agonists with modern somatostatin analogs.
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PMID:Influence of D-Trp-6-LH-RH on the survival time in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. 252

This case involves a 51-year-old female. In 1983, a gastroscopic examination disclosed a submucosal tumor in the duodenum. In 1986, during follow-up observation, on her visit to hospital an early gastric carcinoma at the antrum was found. Thus, a distal gastrectomy, which entailed the complete removal of the Group 2 lymph nodes and the hepatoduodenal, intra-mesenteric lymph nodes, and Billroth I reconstructive surgery were both performed. A histopathological examination revealed that the antral lesion was a carcinoma, sig. m. ly0. v0. n(-), and that a lesion at the duodenal bulb was carcinoid, with cell that were positive to Grimelius staining and to somatostatin serotonin by an immunological staining. A metastases to the lymph nodes but only along the upper trunk of the common hepatic artery, also was found.
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PMID:[A case of duodenal carcinoid associated with early gastric carcinoma]. 253 35

Large cell neuroendocrine (LCNE) carcinomas of the lung are a newly recognized, highly aggressive and frequently misdiagnosed entity. We report a case of stage I LCNE lung carcinoma initially misdiagnosed as large cell undifferentiated carcinoma or poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The tumor was very extensively necrotic and its neuroendocrine differentiation was only demonstrable with immunohistochemical staining with PHE-5 monoclonal antibody and with antisera against synaptophysin and calcitonin. ACTH, somatostatin and neurofilaments were not demonstrable. The clinical course was ominous and the patient died within 17 months. The reason for this rapid fatal outcome could be ascribed either to the neuroendocrine phenotype of the tumor, or to the extensive necrosis, or both.
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PMID:Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. 255 26

Various endocrine-related tumours contain large numbers of high-affinity somatostatin receptors. 123I-labelled tyr-3-octreotide (tyr-3-SMS 201-995, a synthetic derivative of somatostatin) was used to localise such tumours in vivo with a gamma-camera. Positive scans were obtained for two meningiomas, two gastrinomas, and one carcinoid; negative scans were obtained for one insulinoma (in which unlabelled octreotide had no effect on insulin levels), one phaeochromocytoma, one adrenal carcinoma (octreotide had no effect on cortisol levels), and three medullary thyroid carcinomas (octreotide had no effect on calcitonin levels). Thus radioiodinated tyr-3-octreotide can label somatostatin receptors in endocrine-related tumours in vivo and can therefore be used for tumour localisation.
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PMID:Localisation of endocrine-related tumours with radioiodinated analogue of somatostatin. 256 13


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