Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

When viewed under dark-field illumination, peptidergic terminals in sections stained by the Sternberger PAP immunocytochemical method are seen as individual points of light. Under high magnification, the degree of brightness of various areas of immunoreactive terminals is seen to be a function of the density of terminals in these areas. By analyzying the relative brightness of the immunostained central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) with an EyeCom II PDP-11/34 image analysis system, we have obtained a relative evaluation of the density distribution of neurotensin (NT)-, substance P (SP), VIP-, angiotensin II (AII), m-enkephalin (m-ENK) and somatostatin (SS)-immunoreactive terminals in terms of normal morphology and following a brain lesion. The EyeCom II system divides the presented image into 307200 picture elements (pixels) and assigns one of 256 grey values to the average brightness with each pixel. We have aggregated the grey level frequencies into 5 levels where level 1 corresponds to the highest terminal density and level 5 to the lowest density. At level 1, only NT- and VIP-immunoreactive terminals occupy a significant percentage of the cross-sectional area of the CNA (20%). About 15% of the area of the CNA has VIP terminals with level 5 density. The distributions of the top 20% of the terminal density range of NT, SP, AII and VIP support a classical medial/lateral division of the nucleus. The distribution of the same range of SS- and ENK terminals suggests a dorsoventral division of the CNA. A preliminary study indicates that comparison of grey level frequency histograms generated by image analysis from homologous lesioned and unlesioned sections of the CNA can yield useful information regarding post-lesion changes in the distribution of immunoreactive terminals.
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PMID:Computer-assisted image analysis of the distributions of peptidergic terminals in the central nucleus of the amygdala: a preliminary study. 712 69

Impairments of both basal and insulin-stimulated oxidative (Gox) and nonoxidative (Nox) glucose metabolism are documented to exist in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Although these defects have been well characterized during insulin stimulation, little is known about the effects of basal insulin or its deficiency on intracellular glucose metabolism in NIDDM. To determine the physiological significance of basal insulin in the maintenance of glucose metabolism in NIDDM, we studied nine subjects with NIDDM in the basal and insulin-deficient state produced by 3 hours of somatostatin (SRIF) infusion (0.08 pmol/kg/min). Glucose turnover rates were quantified by [3-3H]glucose turnover, and substrate oxidation was assessed by a combination of indirect calorimetry and urinary nitrogen measurements. Skeletal muscle glycogen synthase (GS) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities were also measured in the basal state and during SRIF infusion. Basal glucose levels were maintained during SRIF infusion by exogenous glucose infusion (12.5 +/- 0.9 mmol/L in the basal state v 12.8 +/- 0.8 during SRIF infusion, P = NS). During the last hour of SRIF infusion, plasma C-peptide levels declined by 88% from 0.73 +/- 0.11 to 0.09 +/- 0.02 nmol/L (P < .001), and serum insulin concentrations were undetectable (< 14 pmol/L). During insulinopenic conditions, rates of glucose uptake (GU) were decreased by 12% from basal level of 2.26 +/- 0.13 to 1.99 +/- 0.12 mg/kg/min (P < .05), and were entirely accounted for by reduced rates of Gox (1.01 +/- 0.10 to 0.65 +/- 0.14 mg/kg/min, P < .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Role of basal insulin in maintenance of intracellular glucose metabolic pathways in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 785 64

We tested the hypothesis that diabetes impairs myocardial glucose uptake and pyruvate oxidation under normal conditions and during a dobutamine-induced increase in work. We also tested the hypothesis that an increase in work would result in a decrease in the levels of malonyl CoA, a potent inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I). Streptozotocin-diabetic micropigs were compared with a nondiabetic control group (n = 8 per group). Triglyceride emulsion, glucose, and somatostatin were infused into the nondiabetic group to create an acute diabetic-like state. In accord with our hypothesis, malonyl CoA decreased significantly with dobutamine in both groups, providing a possible mechanism for increased fatty acid oxidation through relieved inhibition on CPT I. In the absence of dobutamine, glucose uptake and tracer-measured lactate uptake were decreased by 57 and 80%, respectively, in the diabetic group. Dobutamine infusion resulted in similar increases in cardiac contractility, oxygen consumption, and glucose uptake in both groups despite reductions of 50-65% in GLUT-4 and GLUT-1 protein in the diabetic group. Diabetic animals possessed a defect in myocardial pyruvate oxidation, as reflected in increased lactate production, and depressed lactate uptake and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity under control and dobutamine conditions. In conclusion, the major derangement in carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic myocardium was not in glycolysis but, rather, in pyruvate oxidation.
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PMID:Impaired pyruvate oxidation but normal glucose uptake in diabetic pig heart during dobutamine-induced work. 899 89

We previously characterized two cDNAs that encode for distinct preprosomatostatin molecules containing [Tyr(7), Gly(10)]-somatostatin-14 at their C-termini (PPSS II' and PPSS II") and found that these cDNAs were differentially expressed in the endocrine pancreas (Brockmann body) of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In this study, we examined the control of PPSSII' mRNA and PPSS II" mRNA expression by glucose. Fish injected with glucose displayed elevated plasma levels of glucose in association with nearly three-fold higher levels of PPSS II mRNAs compared to saline-injected control animals. Glucose directly stimulated the expression of both PPSS II mRNAs in vitro in a dose-dependent manner; however, glucose was a more potent stimulator of PPSS II" expression than of PPSS II' expression. The hexoses, mannose, galactose, and fructose, as well as glucose, all induced the expression of PPSS II mRNAs, whereas, sucrose and the glucose analogs, 3-o-methylglucose and 2-deoxyglucose, were without effect. In addition, the expression of PPSS II mRNAs was stimulated by dihydroxyacetone, pyruvate, lactate, acetate, and citrate. Furthermore, the expression of PPSS II mRNAs was inhibited by iodoacetate, an inhibitor of glycolysis, but was stimulated by dichloroacetate, a stimulator of Krebs cycle flux via pyruvate dehydrogenase activation. Finally, glucose-stimulated PPSS II expression was inhibited by actinomycin. These results indicate that the expression of PPSS II mRNAs in the Brockmann body of trout is regulated by nutrients such as glucose and suggest that glucose-stimulated expression of PPSS II mRNAs requires the uptake and subsequent metabolism of the sugar and is transcription sensitive.
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PMID:The expression of preprosomatostatin II mRNAs in the Brockmann bodies of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, is regulated by glucose. 1075 77