Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The mechanical response of the longitudinal smooth muscle of the rat vas deferens to stimulation of its motor nerves by a single pulse has been examined. The motor nerves were stimulated in vivo via the spinal outflows in the pithed rat or in vitro by field stimulation. 2. The contraction in the whole vas consisted of two components, an initial, rapid, brief contraction reaching a maximum at 300 msec and a second, slower and more prolonged contraction reaching its maximum at 600 msec. When the isolated vas was divided into prostatic and epididymal halves the contribution of these two components varied. The initial rapid component was more prominent in the prostatic half and the slower, second component more prominent in the epididymal half. Lowering the bath temperature caused, in both halves, these two components to merge into a single, slow, prolonged response. Both components were more rapid and briefer than the equivalent response of rat anococcygeus. 3. The second, slow component was abolished by alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist drugs, potentiated and prolonged by drugs which inhibit the neuronal uptake of noradrenaline and absent from tissues taken from rats pre-treated with reserpine, suggesting that the neurotransmitter for this component is noradrenaline. 4. These experiments were extended to the mouse or guinea-pig vas deferens. Both showed the same two component mechanical response as the rat vas and in both the second, slow component was preferentially inhibited by alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists and potentiated by drugs blocking noradrenaline uptake. 5. Drugs known to reduce the response to repetitive nerve stimulation of the vas were examined for their effect on the response to a single stimulus. Lysergic acid diethylamide preferentially inhibited the second, slow phase of contraction whereas apomorphine preferentially inhibited the first rapid phase. Guanethidine inhibited responses but any differential effects could not be analysed due to its stimulant properties. 6. These results show that there are two components even to the response to a single stimulus. The second of these appears to be adrenergic while the transmitter responsible for the first remains to be determined.
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PMID:Adrenergic and 'non-adrenergic' components in the contractile response of the vas deferens to a single indirect stimulus. 3 66

Intraperitoneal injection of inorganic 32P into rats results in the incorporation of 32P into acetyl-CoA carboxylase without inactivation of the enzyme. Administration of epinephrine stimulates 32P incorporation and results in enzyme inactivation. Incubation of epididymal fat tissues with inorganic 32P also results in incorporation of 32P into carboxylase. This 32P incorporation reaches a maximum level in 3 h and it has no effect on carboxylase activity. Administration of epinephrine at the time of maximum phosphorylation (3 h) results in further phosphorylation and inactivation of carboxylase. Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent which inhibits epinephrine action, blocks both the epinephrine-stimulated phosphorylation and the inactivation of the carboxylase. However, propranolol has no effect on that component of the phosphorylation which is unrelated to enzyme inactivation. These results establish that phosphorylation of carboxylase occurs in vivo at two different sites, only one of which results in enzyme inactivation. The phosphorylation site associated with enzyme inactivation is hormonally controlled.
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PMID:Stimulation by epinephrine of in vivo phosphorylation and inactivation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase of rat epididymal adipose tissue. 3 89

Epididymal spermatozoa from bull, rabbit and ram were incubated in homologous epididymal plasma or seminal plasma in a buffered saline-based medium with or without serum albumin. The spermatozoa were either diluted directly into the medium or were washed first. No effect of washing was observed on the subsequent reaction of the cells to the different media. A considerable proportion of the populations of epididymal spermatozoa survived (i.e. continued to exhibit motility) for up to 22 h at 30 degrees C in the simple saline-based medium. Initially epididymal plasma had a slight stimulatory effect on sperm motility in ram and bull but it had no effect on sperm survival in any of the 3 species. Seminal plasma stimulated motility markedly in ram initially, but in all 3 species seminal plasma was detrimental to survival: in ram even a 15-min exposure to the fluid reduced survival. Serum albumin also stimulated motility; it delayed, but did not prevent, the detrimental effect of seminal plasma, although it had no effect itself on survival. The effects of epididymal plasma, seminal plasma and serum albumin on surface properties of epididymal spermatozoa, i.e. agglutination, sticking-to-glass and eosinophilia, were also noted. These varied between species and there was no correlation between these effects and the effects on motility and survival.
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PMID:The maintenance of motility and the surface properties of epididymal spermatozoa from bull, rabbit and ram in homologous seminal and epididymal plasma. 3 36

In a prospective study of 42 patients with undescended testes 15 (36 per cent) had epididymal abnormalities. These anomalies were divided into 3 groups, including agenesis of the epididymis, atresia of the epididymis and loop or elongated epididymis. In the second group atresia could occur at the head, body or tail of the epididymis.
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PMID:Epididymal abnormalities associated with undescended testis. 3 33

A DES (diethylstilbestrol) Task Force formed in February by the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, examined the health effects of DES in pregnancy. This report is an outline of the Task Force's recommendations. Physicians should advise women to whom they prescribe the drugs of their exposure and of the need for follow-up medical care for themselves and their offspring. Physicians are also to provide patients inquiring of possible past DES exposure, complete and accurate information whenever possible, and such information should be provided free of charge. The incidence of clear cell adenocarcinoma for DES-exposed daughters is between 1.4/100 to 1.4/10,000. Periodic examination, rather than active therapeutic intervention (e.g., surgery) is recommended for patients with adenosis. For asymptomatic DES daughters, periodic screening examinations should start at age 14 or at menarche; vaginal bleeding/discharge should be promptly evaluated. Hystersosalpingography should not be used as a routine screening procedure in DES daughters but should be reserved for cases of repeated pregnancy loss or infertility. Asymptomatic DES mothers should have routine screening (e.g., annual pelvic exam including bimanual palpation and Pap smear; breast exam) appropriate for women with no prior estrogen exposure. DES exposed males have been known to have: 1) history of cryptochirdism; 2) hypoplastic testes; 3) epididymal cysts; and, 4) sperm abnormalities (low sperm counts, decreased motility). DES males should have physical examination, appropriate medical follow-up or corrective measures, as the case may be. Use of DES postcoital contraception should be limited to situations where the fully informed patient or her physician deems that there is no alternative. For more information, contact the Office of Cancer Communications, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20014.
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PMID:Physician advisory: health effects of the pregnancy use of diethylstilbestrol. 3 20

31.5% of 308 men exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero had epididymal cysts and/or hypoplastic testes compared with 7.8% of 307 placebo-exposed controls. Analyses of the sperm revealed severe pathological changes (Eliasson score 10) in 134 DES-exposed men (18%) and 87 placebo-exposed men (8%). 26 DES-exposed men with testicular hypoplasia were further investigated, and 65% had a history of cryptorchidism. Only 1/6 placebo-exposed controls with testicular hypoplasia had a history of testicular maldescent. Although none of the 300 men exposed to DES in this 2-decade-old double-blind prospective study has had carcinoma to date, the reported increased risk of testicular carcinoma in testes that are or were cryptorchid must be remembered. A 25-year-old man who was not part of the prospective study group was treated recently by the authors for a testicular carcinoma (a mixed anaplastic seminoma plus embryonal cell carcinoma) and he had a history of DES exposure in utero and cryptorchidism.
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PMID:Association of diethylstilbestrol exposure in utero with cryptorchidism, testicular hypoplasia and semen abnormalities. 3 51

An apparently specific glutathione oxidase activity is present in renal cortex, epididymal caput, jejunal villus tip cells, choroid plexus, and retina (but not in liver). The activity is membrane-bound and is localized on the luminal surface of the brush border membranes of the kidney and jejunum. The distribution and localization of the oxidase are similar to those of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, suggesting that there is a significant relationship among the translocation of intracellular glutathione, the extracellular oxidation of glutathione to glutathione disulfide, and the reactions of the gamma-glutamyl cycle. Thus, both glutathione present in the blood plasma and intracellular glutathione translocated to the cell surface are accessible to oxidation and transpeptidation. Acceptor substrates of the transpeptidase (e.g., L amino acids) promote transpeptidation and decrease oxidation of glutathione. Conversion of glutathione to glutathione disulfide is followed by utilization of the latter compound by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and dipeptidase. Although intracellular oxidation of glutathione to glutathione disulfide is readily reversed by the action of glutathione reductase, glutathione disulfide formed extracellularly cannot be reduced; instead, it undergoes hydrolytic and transpeptidation reactions leading to gamma-glutamyl amino acid and amino acid products which may be recovered by being transported into the cell.
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PMID:Conversion of glutathione to glutathione disulfide by cell membrane-bound oxidase activity. 3 3

1 The effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on contractile responses of transmurally stimulated prostatic and epididymal portions of the rat isolated vas deferens were examined. 2 Responses to single stimuli consisted of two phases, the first predominant in the prostatic and the second in the epididymal portion. The first phase was resistant to alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists but the second was reduced in a dose-related manner in the order of potency prazosin greater than azapetine greater than phentolamine greater than labetalol greater than yohimbine. 3 Both phases of the response to a single stimulus were reduced by clonidine but only the first could be reliably restored by yohimbine. 4 Trains of transmural stimuli produced biphasic responses, an early rapid component predominant in the prostatic and a slow secondary component predominant in the epididymal portion. The effects of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists on these responses were complex. Prazosin produced the most straightforward inhibition of responses with relative resistance of the early rapid component. Only yohimbine and phentolamine produced increases in responses which could be pre-junctional in origin. 5 The alpha-adrenoceptor agonists, oxymetazoline and clonidine, reduced while phenylephrine increased responses to trains of stimuli. 6 These results are discussed in relation to the nature of the innervation of rat vas deferens and the usefulness of the preparation in pharmacological tests for activity at alpha-adrenoceptors.
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PMID:The effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on responses of transmurally stimulated prostatic and epididymal portions of the isolated vas deferens of the rat. 3 64

The authors analyse data collected over 23 years from 500 cryptorchid horses. They show that left- and right-sided abdominal cases occur with approximately equal frequency in ponies. Approximately half the right-sided unilateral abdominal cases have the epididymal tail descended while only 20 per cent of the left-sided cases do. These findings are briefly discussed. From their analysis of inguinal cryptorchidism the authors conclude that it is a relatively more complex phenomenon with incidence changing with age as well as breed. Right-sided retention predominates in young ponies, probably being an extreme expression of testicular hypoplasia, but in older ponies and in other types of horse, retention occurs equally on the left and right.
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PMID:An analysis of 500 cases of equine cryptorchidism. 3 60

The relationship between the hyperinsulinaemia of obese--hyperglycaemic (ob/ob) mice and their high activity of stearic acid delta 9-desaturase compared with lean mice has been investigated. The concentrations of plasma insulin in obese mice were decreased by 71, 88 and 96% after treatment either with alloxan or food restriction to maintain the same weight as lean mice, or treatment of the weight restricted mice with alloxan followed by feeding ad libitum. The concentration of plasma insulin produced by the latter treatment was the same as in normal lean mice. After treatment the hepatic desaturase activities were 24, 68 and 19% less respectively on a cell basis than in livers from untreated obese mice, and the total epididymal fat-pad activities were lower by 16, 62 and 57%. These results suggest that hyperinsulinaemia is not essential for the increased hepatic desaturase, controlling the hepatic desaturase activity, but even this may be subject to overriding regulation by the concentration of esterified linoleic acid in the liver lipids, which was negatively correlated (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001) with desaturase activity.
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PMID:The role of insulin in the regulation of stearic acid desaturase activity in liver and adipose tissue from obese--hyperglycaemic (ob/ob) and lean mice. 3 51


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