Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of bovine growth hormone and the growth factor produced by plerocercoid larvae of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides, on body growth and lipid composition in diabetic-hypophysectomized rats were compared. The diabetic-hypophysectomized control rats gradually lost weight throughout the experiment but both growth hormone and plerocercoids stimulated marked weight gains. Growth hormone treatment resulted in a loss of depot fat from the epididymal fat pads and caused a reduction of liver and serum cholesterol concentrations but had no effect on triglyceride concentrations of either liver or serum. However, plerocercoid infection resulted in increased weights of the epididymal fat pads and increased liver and serum triglyceride concentrations. Serum cholesterol was slightly increased but liver cholesterol was decreased in the plerocercoid-infected rats. Therefore, in the absence of pituitary hormones and insulin, these growth factors had similar effects on body growth but distinctly different effects on lipid metabolism.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of the effects of the growth factor produced by Spirometra mansonoides and growth hormone in diabetic-hypophysectomized rats: lipid composition. 66 Mar 77

Growth hormone (GH) binding and the effect of GH and insulin on glucose metabolism in rat adipocytes were studied at various time periods following hypophysectomy. Male rats were hypophysectomized at 33-34 days of age. After 6 h, 20 h or 3, 7 and 14 days adipocytes were prepared from epididymal fat pads by mild collagenase digestion (0.5 mg X ml-1, 60 min, 37 degrees C). Glucose metabolism was studied by determining the production of CO2 from [14C]glucose and the incorporation of [14C]glucose into lipids. GH binding was measured in cell aliquots using [125I]hGH. No difference in GH binding to adipocytes was observed between control rats and rats hypophysectomized or sham-operated 6 h earlier. GH binding was significantly decreased 20 h after hypophysectomy and declined further with time after hypophysectomy. Adipose tissue from normal rats is usually refractory to the insulin-like effect of GH. Adipocytes isolated from normal rats were, however, usually responsive to GH immediately after cell isolation, suggesting that refractoriness to the insulin-like effect of GH was lost during the time required for the preparation of adipocytes. The magnitude of the response to GH in adipocytes progressively declined with time after hypophysectomy. The decreased responsiveness to GH with time after hypophysectomy parallelled the decrease in GH binding. The results suggest that the pituitary, directly or indirectly, is necessary for the maintenance of GH binding sites in adipose tissue and that these binding sites are related to the insulin-like effect of GH.
 ...
PMID:Changes in growth hormone binding and metabolic effects of growth hormone in rat adipocytes following hypophysectomy. 299 Jan 66

Growth hormone (GH) supplementation can increase the body weight of old rats, but the individual tissues affected were previously unidentified. Therefore, the masses of the heart, spleen, kidney, epididymal fat pads, and five skeletal muscles were assessed in male Fischer 344/Brown Norway rats (9, 20, 31, months) injected with recombinant human GH (0.7 mg/kg) or vehicle twice daily for 10 days. Muscle composition (fiber type, protein concentration, dry weight/wet weight ratio, citrate synthase activity) was also evaluated. Muscle mass was increased with GH treatment, and this increment was undiminished in old age. Fiber type, protein concentration, and dry weight/wet weight ratio were unaffected by GH. Citrate synthase activity declined in the plantaris and increased in the soleus with GH treatment. GH supplementation elevated heart and spleen mass, but not fat pad or kidney weight. The data demonstrate that the capacity for GH-induced hypertrophy of skeletal muscle, myocardium, and spleen is retained during old age.
 ...
PMID:Growth hormone supplementation increases skeletal muscle mass of old male Fischer 344/brown Norway rats. 863 Jun 98

Growth hormone (GH) has a lipolytic effect in adipose tissue but this effect may differ in adipose tissue from various fat depots. This latter possibility was investigated in the present study, in which the effects of GH in vivo on catecholamine-induced lipolysis and the number of beta-adrenergic receptors in isolated adipocytes from different fat depots of hypophysectomized rats were investigated. Female and male Sprague-Dawley rats were hypophysectomized or sham-operated at 45 days of age. One week after the operation, hormonal replacement therapy with L-thyroxine and hydrocortisone acetate was given. In addition, groups of rats were treated with GH (1.33 mg/kg per day, given as two daily subcutaneous injections). After 1 week of hormonal treatment, adipocytes were isolated from the parametrial, epididymal and inguinal fat pads, and glycerol release after catecholamine-stimulation and 125I-cyanopindolol binding were measured. Hypophysectomy resulted in a marked decrease in the lipolytic response to catecholamines. GH treatment significantly increased catecholamine-induced lipolysis with similar effects in adipocytes from parametrial or epididymal and inguinal fat depots in both female and male rats. There were no differences between norepinephrine compared with isoproterenol-induced responses. 125I-cyanopindolol binding was reduced after hypophysectomy and normalized by GH treatment, without differences between parametrial and inguinal adipose tissue regions. We conclude that the lipolytic effects of GH in the rat may partly be mediated by a stimulatory effect on beta-adrenergic receptors in adipocytes. In addition, GH exerted similar effect on catecholamine induced lipolysis and beta-adrenergic receptors in adipocytes from parametrial, epididymal and inguinal fat depots.
 ...
PMID:Growth hormone treatment of hypophysectomized rats increases catecholamine-induced lipolysis and the number of beta-adrenergic receptors in adipocytes: no differences in the effects of growth hormone on different fat depots. 888 12

The uptake of exogenous DNA by mouse and rat spermatozoa was analyzed using in vitro and in vivo methods. Two DNA constructs were used, one containing the Growth hormone (GH) gene and the other the c-myc oncogene linked to the alphaA-crystallin promoter (CPV-1 plasmid). For the in vitro approach, washed epididymal spermatozoa were incubated for 2 hr in the presence of linearized DNA. For in vivo experiments, DNA was injected into the proximal region of the vas deferens, and spermatozoa were recovered 6 hr later. In situ hybridization employing fluorescent markers and electron microscopy were used to localize the exogenous genes in spermatozoa. The precise localization of the foreign DNA in spermatozoa was visualized by tridimensional reconstructions using a confocal laser microscopy. Uptake of exogenous DNA occurred in 60-70% of the spermatozoa after in vitro or in vivo treatments. A positive signal was detected in the sperm nucleus and was not affected by DNase treatments. Incorporation of exogenous DNA was also evaluated by slot blot and PCR techniques using the DNA isolated from the sperm nuclei and the corresponding labelled probes. Comparison of a nucleotide sequence between the DNA isolated from in vivo treated spermatozoa and CPV-1 plasmid showed a 98.6% identity. These results show the in vivo capacity of spermatozoa to incorporate exogenous DNA, the ability of this DNA to reach the nucleus, and also demonstrate that epididymal and vas deferens secretions do not block these capacities.
 ...
PMID:Foreign DNA introduced into the vas deferens is gained by mammalian spermatozoa. 971 16

Growth hormone (GH) is known to interact with adipose tissue and to induce lipolysis. Adipocytes produce leptin which regulates appetite and energy expenditure. In order to elucidate the role of GH in leptin production, we studied the effect of GH on leptin gene expression and body fat in fatty Zucker rats, a model of obesity with resistance to both leptin and insulin. Recombinant human GH administered subcutaneously at 0.5 mg/kg per day (low dose) as well as at 1.65 mg/kg per day (high dose) reduced leptin mRNA levels in epididymal fat tissue but not in subcutaneous fat tissue after 7 days. GH administration only at the high dose reduced percentage body fat. Insulin-like growth factor-I infusion (200 microg/kg per day) did not change percentage body fat or leptin mRNA levels in epididymal fat. These observations suggest that GH directly interacts with adipose tissue and reduces leptin gene expression in visceral fat tissue.
 ...
PMID:Growth hormone directly inhibits leptin gene expression in visceral fat tissue in fatty Zucker rats. 1033 53

The effect of growth-retarding, obesifying lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) on bone geometry and biomechanics was investigated in male weanling rats. The animals received bilateral, symmetrical, electrolytic lesions (VMNL rats) shortly after weanling (age 27 days); sham-operated rats served as controls (SCON). The rats were maintained for 42 postoperative days and then terminated. Body weight, nose-tail length, food intake, carcass water, and lean body mass were all significantly (p < 0.001) reduced in the VMNL group compared to SCON rats. Carcass fat, lipogenic efficiency (carcass fat % laid down/mean food intake) (both p < 0.001) and epididymal fat pad weight (p < 0.01) were significantly increased in VMNL versus SCON. Femur length, anteroposterior diameter (both p < 0.001), and mediolateral femur diameter (p < 0.01) were significantly reduced in VMNL versus SCON rats, but torque and angle of torque were comparable among the groups. VMNL rats femora also showed a significant greater maximum shear stress compared to the control animals. The reduced parameters in the VMNL rats are in good agreement with the previously demonstrated reduced plasma and pituitary growth hormone levels found in this hypothalamus preparation.
 ...
PMID:Weanling ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome. bone geometry and biomechanics. 1091 99

Growth hormone is an important regulator of metabolism; both acromegaly and GH therapy in GH-deficiency are associated with a tendency towards insulin-resistance and loss of adiposity. A possible mediator of these effects is the recently identified white adipose tissue (WAT)-derived factor resistin that has been shown to impair glucose tolerance and inhibit adipocyte differentiation. We found that WAT resistin gene expression was significantly suppressed in GH-deficient (SDR) rats compared with their Sprague-Dawley background strain. However, within 4 h of treatment of SDRs with a bolus of rhGH (1.5 mg/kg) there was a significant 150-170% increase in WAT resistin mRNA. Moreover, 24 h continuous infusion of recombinant human GH (1 mg/kg/day) caused marked increases in epididymal and subcutaneous WAT resistin of 720% and 950%, respectively, compared to controls. By 48 h of infusion these values had fallen to 510% and 330%. Infusion of porcine GH (1 mg/kg/day) had a similar inductive effect on WAT resistin mRNA. Our data demonstrate an unexpected marked, rapid and sustained up-regulation of resistin by GH. This may indicate a role for resistin in GH-dependent metabolic and differentiative effects in WAT.
 ...
PMID:Growth hormone rapidly induces resistin gene expression in white adipose tissue of spontaneous dwarf (SDR) rats. 1202 Dec 11

Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are both present in blood plasma and IGF-I has been measured in epididymal fluid and seminal plasma. This study was designed to investigate the direct effects of GH or IGF-I on the motility of mature equine spermatozoa in vitro. We compared the effects of one concentration (100 ng/ml) of recombinant bovine GH (rbGH) and recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) on motility and motion characteristics of equine spermatozoa over a 24 h period. Motility was maintained longer in spermatozoa treated with either rbGH or rhIGF-I during a 24 h period at room temperature (P < 0.05). Spermatozoa motion characteristics at time 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h for both rbGH and rhlGF-I were not significantly different from the respective controls. This study has shown that GH and IGF-I are effective in promoting the in vitro longevity of spermatozoa.
 ...
PMID:Growth hormone or insulin-like growth factor-I extends longevity of equine spermatozoa in vitro. 1204 83

Growth hormone's (GH) lipolytic activity in white adipose tissue (WAT) results in decreased body fat in giant GH transgenic mice and increased subcutaneous fat in dwarf growth hormone receptor/binding protein gene-disrupted mice (GHR -/-). We therefore hypothesized that GH action would affect expression of CIDE-A (cell-death-inducing DFF45-like effector-A), a protein found in white adipose tissue (WAT) and involved in lipid metabolism. CIDE-A RNA levels were determined in subcutaneous, retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissue isolated from wild-type and GHR -/- mice. The adipose tissue was also analyzed for adipocyte size. We determined that the lack of GH action has depot-specific effects on the levels of CIDE-A RNA and affected adipocyte cell size. CIDE-A expression is significantly reduced in GHR -/- subcutaneous fat compared to wild-type but is not altered in retroperitoneal or epididymal fat. Likewise, adipocytes are significantly enlarged in GHR -/- subcutaneous adipose tissue relative wild-type mice. A high-fat diet also influenced the level of CIDE-A RNA in mouse adipose tissue. The high-fat diet significantly reduced CIDE-A expression in wild-type subcutaneous fat but did not alter CIDE-A expression in subcutaneous fat of GHR -/- mice. The diet also reduced CIDE-A expression in wild-type retroperitoneal fat but the levels of CIDE-A in epididymal fat were unchanged. In contrast, the high-fat diet reduced CIDE-A expression in both retroperitoneal and epididymal fat of GHR -/- mice. These data demonstrate that CIDE-A levels are reduced in two different mouse models of obesity and this reduction may contribute to altered lipid metabolism.
 ...
PMID:CIDE-A gene expression is decreased in white adipose tissue of growth hormone receptor/binding protein gene disrupted mice and with high-fat feeding of normal mice. 1754 97


1 2 Next >>