Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acipimox is commonly used to treat hypertriglyceridaemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients, but its precise mechanism of action has yet to be elucidated. We examined the in vitro effects of acipimox on the lipolytic regulatory cascade in epididymal adipocytes isolated from Wistar rats. Acipimox inhibited the lipolytic rate stimulated by adenosine deaminase (1 U/ml) in a concentration-dependent manner, reaching a near-basal value at 10 mumol/l acipimox. Lipolysis activated by sub-maximal levels of isoproterenol in combination with adenosine deaminase (20 mU/ml) was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by 100 mumol/l acipimox, whereas, in the absence of adenosine deaminase, 100 mumol/l acipimox showed no significant (p > 0.05) inhibition. These findings suggested that the anti-lipolytic mechanism regulated by adenosine may also be regulated by acipimox. Acipimox diminished the intracellular cyclic AMP level produced by 25 nmol/l isoproterenol in the presence of adenosine deaminase (20 mU/ml) in a concentration-dependent manner. At the same level of stimulation, acipimox inhibited the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity ratio and lipolytic rate over the same concentration range, with significant (p < 0.05) reductions occurring at and above, 0.5 mumol/l and 10 mumol/l acipimox, respectively. Western blotting showed that upon lipolytic stimulation (1 U/ml adenosine deaminase; 100 nmol/l isoproterenol) a threefold increase in the lipolytic rate was accompanied by a significant (p < 0.05) rise in hormone-sensitive lipase associated with the lipid fraction. Acipimox (1 mmol/l) and insulin (1 nmol/l) re-distributed hormone-sensitive lipase back to the cytosol, with a corresponding significant (p < 0.05) loss from the fat cake fraction of adipocyte homogenates. In conclusion, the anti-lipolytic action of acipimox is mediated through suppression of intracellular cyclic AMP levels, with the subsequent decrease in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity, leading to the reduced association of hormone-sensitive lipase with triacylglycerol substrate in the lipid droplet of adipocytes.
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PMID:Mechanism of anti-lipolytic action of acipimox in isolated rat adipocytes. 872 Jun 2

These studies examined the cellular mechanisms for lower adiposity seen with nicotine ingestion. Rats were infused with nicotine or saline for 1 wk and adipocytes isolated from epididymal fat pads. Nicotine-infused rats gained 37% less weight and had 21% smaller fat pads. Basal lipolysis was 78% higher, whereas the maximal lipolytic response to isoproterenol was blunted in adipocytes from nicotine-infused rats. The antilipolytic actions of adenosine and the levels of serum catecholamines were unaffected by nicotine. The nicotine-induced alteration in lipolysis was not associated with any changes in hormone-sensitive lipase. Nicotine caused a 30% decrease in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, without any changes in LPL mass or mRNA levels, in epididymal fat in the fed state. In contrast, LPL activity, mass, and mRNA levels in heart were increased by nicotine whether animals were fed or fasted. These studies provide evidence for multiple mechanistic events underlying nicotine-induced alterations in weight and suggest that nicotine diverts fat storage away from adipose tissue and toward utilization by muscle.
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PMID:Alterations of lipolysis and lipoprotein lipase in chronically nicotine-treated rats. 877 41

Norepinephrine-induced lipolysis was examined in visceral (epididymal and omental) and subcutaneous (abdominal and femoral) fat cells in rats. Hormone-induced lipolysis was considerably higher in the visceral fat cells than in the subcutaneous cells. A higher hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activity was present in the visceral than in the subcutaneous fat cells. Endogenous lipid droplets were prepared from rat visceral (epididymal and omental) and subcutaneous (abdominal and femoral) fat cells and norepinephrine-induced lipolysis was examined in a cell-free system consisting of the lipid droplets prepared from fat cells from each site and a fixed amount of HSL from rat epididymal adipose tissue. In this cell-free system, norepinephrine induced a higher rate of lipolysis with lipid droplets from the visceral than from the subcutaneous fat cells. These findings suggest that the difference in norepinephrine-induced lipolysis between visceral and subcutaneous fat cells may be due to the differences in HSL activity and lipid droplet character at each site.
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PMID:Norepinephrine-induced lipolysis in rat fat cells from visceral and subcutaneous sites: role of hormone-sensitive lipase and lipid droplets. 903 7

High levels of adipose tissue-derived tumor necrosis factor-alpha (AT-TNF) mRNA and protein have previously been associated with genetic models of obesity and insulin resistance. Because there are endogenous TNF inhibitors it is unknown if AT-TNF activity is also increased. We hypothesized that AT-TNF activity would increase in older animals because of an accumulation of fat mass. We chose to study 2 different-aged male Fischer 344 rats, 3-month-old (young) and 14-month-old (mature) because fat mass should be quite different but insulin action on glucose metabolism similar. Indeed, mature rats had over 1.5-fold more fat mass, but whole body insulin resistance, as estimated by fasting plasma insulin, was similar to young rats. Mature rats had twice as much AT-TNF activity as the young in both the epididymal (EPI) and retroperitoneal (Retro) fat pads (p < .0005). AT-TNF correlated with fasting plasma insulin in Retro only (r = .48, p = .04). AT-TNF activity strongly correlated with cell size in both EPI and Retro (r = .79 and .81, respectively, p < .0001). Because cytokines can be regulated at several levels, AT-TNF activity, protein, and mRNA were measured. AT-TNF protein levels were higher in young rats, suggesting that these animals may secrete an inhibitor that reduces AT-TNF activity. There were no significant differences in AT-TNF mRNA between groups. Since TNF has been shown to affect several key genes in tissue culture, mRNA for lipoprotein lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase, and Glut4 were measured. No differences were found between groups. In summary, AT-TNF activity increased in mature animals in relation to adipose cell size.
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PMID:Adipose tissue-derived tumor necrosis factor-alpha activity is elevated in older rats. 922 23

To determine the effects of food restriction and leptin administration on several transcripts involved in energy homeostasis, we examined leptin, uncoupling proteins (UCP) 1, 2 and 3, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), beta3-adrenergic receptors (beta3AR) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) mRNA levels in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and epididymal (EWAT) and perirenal (PWAT) white adipose tissue in three groups of rats. The groups were administered leptin for 1 week, or had food restricted to the amount of food consumed by the leptin-treated animals, or had free access to food. Leptin administration increased serum leptin concentrations 50-fold and decreased food consumption by 43%, whereas serum insulin and corticosterone concentrations were unchanged. Leptin increased LPL mRNA by 80%, UCP1 mRNA twofold, and UCP3 mRNA levels by 62% in BAT, and increased UCP2 mRNA levels twofold in EWAT. In contrast, UCP2 mRNA levels were unchanged in PWAT and BAT. In WAT from food-restricted rats, leptin gene expression was diminished by 40% compared with those fed ad libitum. With leptin administration, there was a further 50% decrease in leptin expression. LPL mRNA levels were decreased by food restriction but not by leptin in WAT, whereas beta3AR and HSL mRNA levels were unchanged with either food restriction or leptin treatment. The present study indicates that leptin increases the gene expression of UCP2 in EWAT and that of UCP1, UCP3 and LPL in BAT, whereas reduced food consumption but not leptin, decreases LPL expression in WAT. In addition, with leptin administration there is a decrease in leptin gene expression in WAT, independent of food intake and serum insulin and corticosterone concentrations.
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PMID:UCP2, UCP3 and leptin gene expression: modulation by food restriction and leptin. 979 77

GH, in the presence of glucocorticoid, produces a delayed increase in lipolysis in rat adipose tissue, but the biochemical mechanisms that account for this action have not been established. Other lipolytic agents rapidly activate adenylyl cyclase (AC) and the resulting production of cAMP initiates a chain of reactions that culminates in the activation of hormone-sensitive lipase. We compared responses of segments of rat epididymal fat or isolated adipocytes to 30 ng/ml GH and 0.1 microg/ml dexamethasone (Dex) with 0.1 ng/ml isoproterenol (ISO), which evoked a similar increase in lipolysis. All measurements were made during the fourth hour after the addition of GH+Dex or immediately after the addition of ISO to cells or tissues that had been preincubated for 3 h without hormone. Although no significant increases in cAMP were discernible in homogenates of GH+Dex-treated tissues, Rp-cAMPS (Rp-adenosine 3'5'-phosphothioate), a competitive inhibitor of cAMP, was equally effective in decreasing lipolysis induced by GH+Dex or ISO. The proportion of PKA that was present in the active form was determined by measuring the incorporation of 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP into kemptide in the absence and presence of saturating amounts of cAMP. GH+Dex and ISO produced similar increases in protein kinase A activity in tissue extracts. Treatment with GH+Dex did not change the total forskolin-stimulated AC present in either a crude membrane pellet sedimented at 16K x g or a less dense membrane pellet sedimented at 100K x g, but doubled the AC activity in the 16K pellet when assayed in the absence of forskolin. To evaluate possible effects on G proteins, pellets obtained from centrifugation of adipocyte homogenates at 16K x g and 100K x g were solubilized and subjected to PAGE and Western analysis. GH+Dex decreased Gi alpha2 by 44% (P < 0.02) in the 16K pellets and increased it by 52% (P < 0.01) in the 100K pellets. Gs alpha in the 16K pellet was unaffected by GH+Dex and was decreased (P < 0.05) in the 100K pellet. Sucrose density fractionation of the 16K pellets revealed a similar GH+Dex-dependent shift of Gi alpha2 to less dense fractions as determined by both Western analysis and [32P]NAD ribosylation catalyzed by pertussis toxin. No such changes were seen in the distribution of Gs alpha or 5'-nucleotidase. Colchicine (100 microM) blocked the GH+Dex-dependent shift of Gi alpha2 from the 16K to the 100K pellet and blocked the lipolytic effects of GH+Dex, but not those of ISO. We conclude that by modifying the relationship between AC and Gi alpha2, GH+Dex relieves some inhibition of cAMP production and consequently increases lipolysis.
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PMID:Growth hormone and dexamethasone stimulate lipolysis and activate adenylyl cyclase in rat adipocytes by selectively shifting Gi alpha2 to lower density membrane fractions. 1006 47

The enzymic regulation of triacylglycerol breakdown in skeletal muscle is poorly understood. Western blotting of muscle fibres isolated by collagenase treatment or after freeze-drying demonstrated the presence of immunoreactive hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), with the concentrations in soleus and diaphragm being more than four times the concentrations in extensor digitorum longus and epitrochlearis muscles. Neutral lipase activity determined under conditions optimal for HSL varied directly with immunoreactivity. Expressed relative to triacylglycerol content, neutral lipase activity in soleus muscle was about 10 times that in epididymal adipose tissue. In incubated soleus muscle, both neutral lipase activity against triacylglycerol (but not against a diacylglycerol analogue) and glycogen phosphorylase activity increased in response to adrenaline (epinephrine). The lipase activation was completely inhibited by anti-HSL antibody and by propranolol. The effect of adrenaline could be mimicked by incubation of crude supernatant from control muscle with the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, while no effect of the kinase subunit was seen with supernatant from adrenaline-treated muscle. The results indicate that HSL is present in skeletal muscle and is stimulated by adrenaline via beta-adrenergic activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The concentration of HSL is higher in oxidative than in glycolytic muscle, and the enzyme is activated in parallel with glycogen phosphorylase.
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PMID:Expression of hormone-sensitive lipase and its regulation by adrenaline in skeletal muscle. 1033 90

We investigated the mechanisms that lead to combined hyperlipidemia in transgenic mice that overexpress human apolipoprotein (apo) A-II (line 11.1). The 11.1 transgenic mice develop pronounced hypertriglyceridemia, and a moderate increase in free fatty acid (FFA) and plasma cholesterol, especially when fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. Post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities (using artificial or natural autologous substrates), the decay of plasma triglycerides with fasting, and the fractional catabolic rate of the radiolabeled VLDL-triglyceride (both fasting and postprandial) were similar in 11. 1 transgenic mice and in control mice. In contrast, a 2.5-fold increase in hepatic VLDL-triglyceride production was observed in 11. 1 transgenic mice in a period of 2 h in which blood lipolysis was inhibited. This increased synthesis of hepatic VLDL-triglyceride used preformed FFA rather than FFA of de novo hepatic synthesis. The 11.1 transgenic mice also presented reduced epididymal/parametrial white adipose tissue weight (1.5-fold), increased rate of epididymal/parametrial hormone-sensitive lipase-mediated lipolysis (1.2-fold) and an increase in cholesterol and, especially, in triglyceride liver content, suggesting an enhanced mobilization of fat as the source of preformed FFA reaching the liver. Increased plasma FFA was reverted by insulin, demonstrating that 11.1 transgenic mice are not insulin resistant. We conclude that the overexpression of human apoA-II in transgenic mice induces combined hyperlipidemia through an increase in VLDL production. These mice will be useful in the study of molecular mechanisms that regulate the overproduction of VLDL, a situation of major pathophysiological interest since it is the basic mechanism underlying familial combined hyperlipidemia.
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PMID:Increased production of very-low-density lipoproteins in transgenic mice overexpressing human apolipoprotein A-II and fed with a high-fat diet. 1108 33

The present work reports on testicular hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), the biological significance of which has been documented in male fertility. The HSL protein levels and enzymatic activity were measured, respectively, by densitometry of immunoreactive bands in Western blots, performed with antibodies against recombinant rat HSL, and by spectrophotometry in seminiferous tubules (STf) and interstitial tissue (ITf) enriched fractions generated from neonatal, pubertal, and adult guinea pig testes. In addition, HSL was studied in subcellular fractions obtained from STf isolated from adult testes and in epididymal spermatozoa (Spz). A 104-kDa HSL protein was detected in STf and ITf, the expression and activity of which increased with testicular development. Three immunoreactive bands of 104, 110, and 120 kDa were detected in the lysosomal subfraction, and two bands of 104 and 120 kDa were detected in Spz. The HSL activity was positively correlated with free (FC) and esterified (EC) cholesterol ratios in STf and ITf, but not with triglyceride (TG) levels, during testicular development. Immunolabeling localized HSL to elongated spermatids and Sertoli cells, where its distribution was stage-dependent, and within the cells lining the excurrent ducts of the testis. The findings of the 104- and 120-kDa HSL immunoreactive bands and of HSL activity in Spz as well, as the detection of the 104-, 110-, and 120-kDa immunoreactive bands in lysosomes, suggest that part of HSL may originate from germ cells and be imported in Sertoli cells. The HSL protein levels and enzymatic activity in ITf and STf were positively correlated with serum testosterone levels during development. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to contribute insights regarding the impact of HSL on FC:EC cholesterol ratios and TG levels in the interstitial tissue and tubules in relation to serum testosterone levels during postnatal development, and regarding the immunolocalization of the enzyme in regions of the male gamete consistent with spermatozoa-oocyte interaction.
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PMID:Expression, activity, and subcellular localization of testicular hormone-sensitive lipase during postnatal development in the guinea pig. 1146 32

The 84-kDa hormone-sensitive lipase (gene designation Lipe; EC 3.1.1.3) is a cholesterol esterase and triglyceride hydrolase that functions in the release of fatty acids from adipocytes. The role of hormone-sensitive lipase in other tissues such as the testis, where a specific 120-kDa testis-specific isoform is expressed, is unknown. To study this, we examined the fertility and testicular histology of gene-targeted hormone-sensitive lipase-deficient mice. Homozygous hormone-sensitive lipase-deficient male mice are infertile and have decreased testis weights; female homozygotes are fertile. Testicular abnormalities, detected at the light and electron microscopic levels, included the presence of multinucleated round and elongating spermatids, vacuolization of the seminiferous epithelium, asynchronization of the spermatogenic cycle, sloughing of postmeiotic germ cells from the seminiferous epithelium into the lumen, and a marked reduction in the numbers of late spermatids. Extensive nuclear head deformation was noted in late spermatids as well as the sharing of a common acrosome in multinucleated cells. In some multinucleated cells, nuclei were separated from their acrosomes, with the acrosomes remaining attached to areas of ectoplasmic specializations, suggesting defects in intercellular cytoplasmic bridge integrity. Although the lumen of the epididymis was essentially devoid of spermatozoa and filled instead with spherical degenerating cells, the epididymal epithelial cells appeared normal. The few late spermatids present in the epididymis were abnormal. There was no morphological evidence, as judged by the absence of lipid droplets of triacylglycerol or cholesteryl ester accumulation in the testis. Together, the data suggest that hormone-sensitive lipase deficiency results in abnormalities in spermiogenesis that are incompatible with normal fertility. We speculate that a metabolite downstream from the hormone-sensitive lipase reaction may be essential for membrane stabilization and integrity in the seminiferous epithelium and, in particular, may play an important role in the maintenance of intercellular cytoplasmic bridges between postmeiotic germ cells.
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PMID:Infertility and testicular defects in hormone-sensitive lipase-deficient mice. 1156 84


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