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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Male rats were maintained on water or on 10% ethanol drinking fluid. They were pairfed for 30 d prior to exposure to simulated high altitude (approximately 6000 m) and for 78 d, during which they were exposed to simulated high altitude on alternate days. Corresponding controls were maintained at ambient pressure. The high-altitude animals showed loss in liver and epididymis weights compared to respective water controls as contrasted with increased spleen weight in ethanol-drinking rats exposed to high altitude. Hepatic mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) was decreased, compared to controls, by hypobarometric pressure in water-drinking animals. Ethanol intake negated this effect. The kinetics of this inhibition show changes in Vmax without concomitant changes in the apparent Km. Hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase did not change by either treatment. Testicular and epididymal ALDH showed, statistically, no significant changes in specific activity as a function of exposure to high altitude. However, combined ethanol drinking and altitude exposure increased epididymal ALDH compared to water-drinking rats subjected to the same experimental conditions. The changes in liver and testicular weight and in the enzyme involved in the biotransformation of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde suggest the contribution of endocrinological and biochemical factors to hypoxia and to ethanol-evoked adverse responses studied.
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PMID:Ethanol and hypobarometric simulated high altitude: a gonadal-hepatic toxicity study in the male rat. 714 78

It has previously been shown that the rat cauda epididymidis actively reabsorbs Na+ in exchange with K+. This coupled Na+/K+ transport is stimulated by aldosterone. These transport processes create a low Na+ and high K+ environment which appears to be (in part) responsible for sperm quiescence during storage. The effects of aldosterone antagonist, spironolactone, on the electrolyte and water content of the cauda epididymidis, sperm motility initiation and fertility of male rats were investigated in the present study. It was found that treatment of rats with spironolactone (10 mg/kg per day for 4 to 17 days) led to a significant fall in K+ (18%) and sperm (21.5%) concentrations in the cauda epididymal fluid. However, the Na+ concentration remained unchanged. The fall in sperm concentration may be taken to indicate an increase in fluid volume which is secondary to an inhibition of water absorption. When corrected for an increase in volume, there was no change in the amount of K+ in the fluid but the amount of intraluminal Na+ was increased. Despite a fall in K+ and sperm concentration, the capacity of the cauda sperm to initiate motility and fertility of the animals were apparently not affected by spironolactone treatment. It is concluded that the fertility capacity of spermatozoa is rather resistant to drugs which interfere with electrolyte and water transport across the caudal epididymal epithelium.
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PMID:Effects of spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist) on electrolyte and water content of the cauda epididymidis and fertility of male rats. 717 64

The biochemical basis for the observed depletion of adipose tissue in C57BL mice bearing a transplantable nonmetastasizing preputial gland tumor, ESR-586, has been investigated. The results have shown that there are a number of significant changes in both deposition and mobilization of lipid as the tumor grows. The first change, before the tumor reached 2 g, was a decline in the activity of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase to levels normally found in starved animals. This was accompanied by a slight increase in lipoprotein lipase activity in heart and appearance of substantial activity in large tumors. Together, these would result in impaired uptake of exogenous fatty acids by adipose tissue, and dietary lipid would be directed away from storage. This was followed by a marked decline in endogenous lipid synthesis in adipose tissue which commenced when the tumor weighed between 2 and 3 g, as measured in vivo by the incorporation of radioactivity into lipid from tritiated water. The basal rate of lipolysis was enhanced 2-fold in epididymal fat pads from mice bearing tumors that weighed between 2 and 4 g, although there was no difference in the epinephrine-stimulated activity.
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PMID:Modified lipoprotein lipase activities, rates of lipogenesis, and lipolysis as factors leading to lipid depletion in C57BL mice bearing the preputial gland tumor, ESR-586. 724 77

Body energy/body weight (ENGY), percent water (WAT%) and proportional weight of the epididymal fat pad (FPAD%) were used as independent variables to predict fat percent (FAT%) in three independent studies with mice. Prediction equations were found to be valid based on the following criteria: 1) high correlations between observed FAT% and predicted fat percent based on prediction equations derived from an independent data set and 2) negligible correlations between predicted fat and FAT% minus predicted fat. Although any two of the independent variable generally provided a better fit than one variable, use of one of the three independent variables is probably sufficient for most applications. Based on the coefficient of determination, ENGY was the best single predictor of FAT% followed by WAT% and FPAD%. However, FPAD% may be most useful in large experiments where a rapid procedure is essential.
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PMID:Predicting percent fat in mice. 728 72

Three methods of fractionation of ginseng radix (Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER) components for a survey of hypoglycemic principle in alloxan diabetic mice were conducted and three groups of hypoglycemic principle in alloxan diabetic mice were conducted and three groups of components tested; fat-soluble components, ginseng saponins and a third component with hypoglycemic activity. Pharmacological sequential trials of the fractionation yielded a most active fraction which was about 100-fold more effective than the original water-soluble extract of the ginseng radix. The ED50 value was 0.4 mg/kg in lowering the blood level of glucose in alloxan diabetic mice. It was demonstrated that some ginseng fractions inhibited epinephrine-induced transient hyperglycemia in mice, increased glycogen content in rat liver, decreased the blood level of acetone bodies in alloxan diabetic mice, and inhibited the release of free fatty acid from rat epididymal fat pad. The results showed that hypoglycemic components existed in a new component of ginseng radix which is different from saponin.
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PMID:Pharmacological sequential trials for the fractionation of components with hypoglycemic activity in alloxan diabetic mice from ginseng radix. 728 57

The effects of 6-chloro-6-deoxyglucose (6 CDG) on the transport of electrolytes and water in the cauda epididymidis and fertility of male rats were studied. Injection of 6 CDG into male rats at a dose rate of 120 muM/kg/day for 7-14 days induced sterility and inhibited sodium and water reabsorption in the perfused cauda epididymidis by about 60%. The rates of potassium and protein secretion were unaffected. When these rats were allowed to recover for 10 weeks, both fertility and the Na and water reabsorption of the cauda were restored. It is proposed that the chlorinated sugar may affect epididymal sperm metabolism through an effect on the transport function of the epididymis.
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PMID:Effects of 6-chloro-6-deoxyglucose on electrolyte and water transport in the epididymis and fertility of male rats. 740 97

A comparative study was conducted concerning the effect of a unilateral intratesticular injection of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or prostaglanding F2alpha in terms of the fertilizing ability of spermatozo of the injected or contralateral control side. Laboratory bred male albino rats of proven fertility were housed under a controlled lighting schedule of 12 hours light daily and had free access to food pellets and water. A single intratesticular injection of PGE1 or PGE2 at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg was found to interfere with the fertilizing ability of epididymal spermatozoa of the test animals both in the injected and contralateral control sides. Prostaglandin F2alpha was found to be ineffective in terms of fertility of the test animals in the same experimental model. The beneficial effect of testosterone therapy concurrently with either of the PGE1 or PGE2 in maintaining the fertility of the animals was recorded.
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PMID:The possible mode of action of prostaglandins: XVI. A study to assess the local effect of prostaglandins E1, E2 or F2 alpha in the regulation of male fertility. 741 45

Little is known at present about the saccharide components of lipofuscin (age pigment) and ceroid pigments in situ. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to study in detail the lectin reactivities of lipofuscin in neurons and cardiac myocytes of old humans and rats. In addition, those of diverse ceroid pigments found in human aortic atheromas, in the livers of choline-deficient rats, in the uteri of vitamin E-deficient rats and in the crushed epididymal fat pad of rats, are included. Cryostat and deparaffinized sections from all these tissues were either extracted with a solvent mixture of chloroform-methanol-water (10:10:3, v/v) and incubated with 7 different biotinylated lectins or left untreated. Delipidation was done in order to study whether it was possible to discriminate between the saccharide moieties of glycolipids and glycoproteins of lipofuscin and ceroid pigments in situ. Other similarly treated sections were used to study the autofluorescence, sudanophilia, acid-fastness and reactivity to PAS. The frequency and intensity of lectin binding and standard histochemical properties of all the pigments were evaluated semi-quantitatively and blind. The results indicated that mannose was in general the most consistently detected sugar residue in lipofuscin granules of humans and rats, and that this pigment may also contain acetylglucosamine, acetylgalactosamine, sialic acid, galactose and fucose. However, notable differences were found not only in the lipofuscin saccharide components of different cell types of humans and rats, but also in those in the same type of cells in both species. Although mannose was not detected in the hepatic ceroid of choline-deficient rats, this saccharide moiety was almost always present in the other ceroid pigments. Each of the ceroids also contained other types of saccharides although the frequency of the latter varied between different ceroid pigments. While lipofuscin and each of the ceroid pigments showed somewhat different lectin binding patterns, the variability in the frequency of reactivity to lectins suggests that these patterns may not be permanent but transient. In this sense, it appears that lectin histochemistry may not allow these pigments to be differentiated. Furthermore, the extractive procedures used in this study did not enable us to determine whether the saccharides detected in the pigments in situ corresponded to glycolipids or glycoproteins.
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PMID:Lectin histochemistry of lipofuscin and certain ceroid pigments. 758 50

The potential reproductive toxicity of a mixture of 25 chemicals (MIX) formulated to simulate contaminated groundwater supplies near hazardous waste dumps was evaluated in CD-1 Swiss mice and Sprague-Dawley rats using the reproductive assessment by continuous breeding protocol. Male and female mice and rats were exposed to MIX in the drinking water at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10% of a technically achievable stock solution. For mice, body weight and feed consumption were not affected by MIX but water consumption was decreased for both the 5 and 10% MIX groups in both F0 and F1 animals. For F0 mice, the number of live pups/litter was decreased at 10% MIX and the number of females/litter was decreased 10 and 17% at the mid and high MIX dose, respectively. Vaginal cytology was normal, as were testis weight and testicular spermatid head count. For F1 mice, fertility was unaffected, but there was a decreased number of female pups/litter (19%) and a decreased adjusted live pup weight at 10% MIX. At necropsy, cauda epididymal sperm concentration and spermatid head count were reduced (20%) in the presence of normal testis, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicle, liver, and kidney/adrenal weight. Female estrous cyclicity was altered at 5 and 10% MIX with normal kidney/adrenal, uterus, and ovary/oviduct weight. For rats, F0 body weight and feed consumption were not affected by MIX but water consumption was decreased 10, 30, and 40% in the low-, medium-, and high-dose MIX groups, respectively, and 39% in the high-dose MIX F1 animals. Rat fertility was normal but there was a decreased number of male pups/litter (11%) and a decreased live pup weight (6%) at 10% MIX. Male and female (F1) pup weights were decreased on Postnatal Days 0, 4, 7, 14, and 21 (10% MIX) and remained lower through necropsy on Day 120 +/- 10. F1 fertility was normal but F2 pup weights were decreased (10% MIX). At necropsy, F1 (10% MIX) male body weight was decreased 16% and relative kidney, testis, epididymis, and prostate weights were increased in the presence of normal sperm concentration percentage motile sperm and percentage abnormal sperm. Estrous cyclicity was normal as were kidney/adrenal and ovary weight while female liver weight was reduced 14%. In summary, a "cocktail" of 25 chemicals commonly found in contaminated groundwater at or near hazardous waste sites was administered in drinking water at doses which resulted in severely decreased water consumption in both mice and rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Assessment of the reproductive toxicity of a complex mixture of 25 groundwater contaminants in mice and rats. 760 30

The effects of clenbuterol, a beta 2-adrenergic agonist, on body weight, tissue masses, and protein and RNA contents were studied following scald injury (30 per cent TBSA) in the rat. While the masses of heart, liver and epididymal fat pads remained unaffected, significant reductions in gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus muscle masses (approximately 11 per cent; P < 0.01) were observed following injury, none of which were mimicked by pair-feeding or could be attributed to dehydration. This muscle wasting was accompanied by significant reductions in protein and/or RNA content. Oral administration of clenbuterol (4 mg/kg diet) had no anabolic effects, either in the scalded animals or their pair-fed controls. While clenbuterol (12 mg/kg diet) did not affect the masses of heart and fat pads, increases in the wet weights (approximately 20 per cent), RNA (approximately 30 per cent) and protein content (approximately 20 per cent) of the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles were observed in all animals; the magnitude of these effects was greater (P < 0.05) in the scalded animals than in their pair-fed controls. Clenbuterol had no effect on body weight but increased (P < 0.001) carcass water content. These data indicate that there is a selective mobilization of muscle protein and sparing of fat in the early phase following burn injury, and that beta 2-adrenergic agonists, such as clenbuterol, may be of therapeutic value in inhibiting or reversing muscle atrophy associated with thermal injury.
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PMID:Clenbuterol, a beta 2-adrenergic agonist, reverses muscle wasting due to scald injury in the rat. 767 79


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