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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This article reviews the recent progress in the identification of hypoglycemic and insulino-mimetic principles in ginseng. Hitherto five types of substances have been discovered. They include five glycans designated panaxans A to E, adenosine, a carboxylic acid, a peptide with a molecular weight of 1400 and lacking in basic amino acid residues, and a fraction designated DPG-3-2 prepared from the water extract of ginseng. The structure of panaxan A has been partially elucidated and the glycans have been demonstrated to elicit hypoglycemia in both normal and diabetic mice. DPG-3-2 exerted its hypoglycemic action or provoked insulin secretion in diabetic and glucose-loaded normal mice while having no effect on normal mice. Adenosine, the carboxylic acid and the mol. wt 1400 peptide inhibited catecholamine-induced lipolysis in rat epididymal fat pads. EPG-3-2, a fraction related to DPG-3-2, also exhibited antilipolytic activity.
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PMID:Hypoglycemic constituents of Panax ginseng. 391 May 15

In vitro uptake of 11 lipophilic model compounds into rat epididymal adipose tissue slices, adipocytes, triglycerides, and lecithin was studied. Relative uptake at equilibrium into adipose tissue slices increased from 6 to 87% in the following sequence: phenazone, morphine less than pentobarbital less than glutethimide, phenylbutazone less than thiopental, methadone less than chlorpromazine, imipramine. In the presence of albumin a similar sequence was obtained at lower uptake levels, with DDE and 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (6-CB) on top with 95% uptake. However, the time to reach equilibrium was unproportionately greater for DDE and 6-CB (16-40 hr) than for other compounds (1-4 hr). A linear positive correlation was found between relative uptake and partition coefficient (octanol/water). Relative uptake was independent of drug concentration. There were no significant differences between uptake values measured with adipose tissue slices, adipocytes, triolein, and a saturated short-chain triglyceride. In contrast, uptake into lecithin was not correlated with the octanol partition coefficient. Thiopental, imipramine, and 6-CB were taken up into lean tissue slices (liver, lung, skin) in excess of their lipid content, suggesting additional binding sites. Release from preloaded adipose tissue slices followed first order kinetics, was accelerated by albumin, and was much slower for 6-CB and DDE than for thiopental and imipramine. The results indicate that uptake of lipophilic xenobiotics in vitro is a partition process between the aqueous medium and the triglyceride of the adipose tissue preparation. In contrast, the extent of adipose tissue storage of drugs in vivo has recently been shown not to correlate with octanol partition coefficients.
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PMID:Uptake in vitro of lipophilic model compounds into adipose tissue preparations and lipids. 393 49

Aldosterone stimulated body weight gain in adrenalectomized male rats across all but the highest of seven doses delivered by continuous infusion. Gains were especially strong in the latter part of the 12-day infusion period peaking at values twice those of adrenalectomized rats given only glucocorticoid replacement or sham infusions. The gains were not related to skeletal growth, and hematocrit and percent tissue water were only modestly and inversely related to weight gain (rs = -.24). In contrast, epididymal fat pad mass correlated strongly (r = .72), indicating that the gains were partly or wholly attributal to adipose tissue hypertrophy.
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PMID:Continuous infusion of aldosterone: correlates of body weight gain. 401 33

Using the dry-mount autoradiographic technique, a single population of cells within the rat epididymis, the clear cells, have been shown to bind [3H]aldosterone at a nuclear site. Competitive binding experiments demonstrated that aldosterone was more potent than desoxycorticosterone than testosterone in reducing the nuclear uptake of radioactive aldosterone. Furthermore, the other epididymal cells (principal and basal cells) in all regions of the epididymis were not significantly labelled; occasional labelling was noted in some endothelial and stromal cells. It is suggested that aldosterone may play a role in controlling the intracellular and transcellular movement of ions and water necessary for concentrating absorbed macromolecules in the clear cell.
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PMID:Binding of [3H]aldosterone to a single population of cells within the rat epididymis. 403 22

Histochemical studies of the rat epididymis after treatment with alp ha-chlorohydrin (U-5897) are presented. 14 sexually mature male rats received either daily subcutaneous injections of 50 mg U-5907/kg body weight or distilled water for 20 days. The animals were sacrificed the day following the last injection. U-5897 induced temporary sterility as demonstrated by blocked transport of spermatozoa, and spermatogenic cells eliminated from the spermatogenic epithelium which became blocked in the caudal part of the epididymis. This resulted in the distension of the segment of the distal part of the epididymal duct and to the thinning of the epithelium which lined the altered segment. Alkaline and acid phosphatases, nonspecific esterases, succinate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase in the unchanged part of the epididymal duct were comparable to control rats whereas the altered part of the epididymis showed these activities to much weaker degrees or to be absent altogether.
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PMID:Histochemical studies of the rat epididymis after treatment with alpha-chlorohydrin (U-5897). 415 41

This study investigated intrascrotal and deep body temperatures, reproductive ability, and histological patterns in the testes of heat-acclimatized rats. Albino rats aged 100-110 days were acclimatized to 35 degrees C. and a relative humidity of 25-40% for at least 3 months. There was free access to food and water and 14 hours of light daily. A control group was kept at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C. and relative humidity of 35-50%. Deep-body temperature was measured with a thermistor probe inserted 4 cm into the rectum. Intrascrotal temperatures were measured with a thermocouple contained in a 27-gauge hypodermic needle inserted into the scrotum after the testes had been displaced. Readings were taken on alternate days for 30 days. Deep-body and intrascrotal temperatures were higher in experminetal than in control animals. Both groups maintained differences between body and intrascrotal temperatures. The intrascrotal temperatures of heat-acclimatized rats resembled the deep-body temperatures of the controls and, therefore, were similar to the environmental temperatures of cryptorchid testes. The mating rate of heat-acclimated males was lower than that of controls and fewer females conceived when mated with experimental males. However, in females which did conceive the type of male had no effect on implantation, pregnancy loss, or number of young. In about 20% of the experimental animals seminiferous tubules showed necrobiosis of germinal epithelium. Slight hyperplasia of Leydig cells was noted. The epididymal epithelium was intact and normal spermatozoa were present in the lumen. It is suggested that the gradient between the internal body termperature and the termperature of the testes is essential for spermatogenesis. Similar temperatures without the gradient, as in cryptorchid testes or heated scrotum, have been shown to be detrimental to spermatogenesis.
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PMID:Intrascrotal temperature, testicular histology and fertility of heart-acclimatized rats. 485 45

1. The metabolism of K(+), Na(+) and Cl(-) has been investigated in isolated fat-cells prepared from the epididymal adipose tissue of rats. 2. Methods are described for measuring the intracellular water space, the rates of loss of intracellular (42)K(+), (22)Na(+) and (36)Cl(-) and the intracellular concentrations of K(+), Na(+) and Cl(-) in isolated fat-cells. 3. The intracellular water space, measured as the [(3)H]water space minus the [carboxylic acid-(14)C]inulin space, was 3.93+/-0.38mul./100mg. cell dry wt. 4. The first-order rate constants for radioisotope effluxes from isolated fat-cells were 0.029min.(-1) for (42)K(+), 0.245min.(-1) for (22)Na(+) and 0.158min.(-1) for (36)Cl(-). 5. The intracellular concentrations of K(+), Na(+) and Cl(-) were 146m-equiv./l., 18.6+/-2.9m-equiv./l. and 43+/-2.4m-equiv./l. respectively. 6. The total intracellular K(+) content of isolated fat-cells was determined by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry to confirm the value obtained from the radioisotope-efflux data. 7. The ion effluxes from isolated fat-cells were: K(+), 1.5pmoles/cm.(2)/sec., Na(+), 1.6pmoles/cm.(2)/sec., and Cl(-), 2.4pmoles/cm.(2)/sec. 8. The membrane potential of isolated fat-cells calculated from the Cl(-) distribution ratio was -28.7mv.
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PMID:Rates of effux and intracellular concentrations of potassium, sodium and chloride ions in isolated fat-cells from the rat. 536 Jul 21

1. Methods are described for the extraction and assay of ATP, ADP, AMP, glucose 6-phosphate, l-glycerol 3-phosphate and citrate in rat epididymal adipose tissue incubated in vitro for 1hr. At this time of incubation rates of glucose uptake and outputs of glycerol, free fatty acids, lactate and pyruvate were shown to be constant. 2. In fat pads incubated in medium containing glucose (3mg./ml.) and albumin (20mg./ml.) the concentrations (in mmumoles/g. wet wt.) were: ATP, 70; ADP, 36; AMP, 9.0; glucose 6-phosphate, 3.0; l-glycerol 3-phosphate, 3.3; citrate, 8.1. 3. The volume of intracellular water calculated from ([(3)H]water space-[(14)C]sorbitol space), ([(14)C]urea space-inulin space) and (weight loss on drying-[(14)C]sorbitol space) was 1.4ml./100g. wet wt. of tissue. The intracellular volume was not changed by insulin, alloxan-diabetes or adrenaline. 4. When compared in terms of mumoles/ml. of intracellular water the concentration of ATP in adipose tissue was less than in heart and diaphragm muscles. The concentrations of ADP and AMP were greater both in absolute terms and relative to ATP. Insulin, alloxan-diabetes and adrenaline had no significant effects on the concentrations of the adenine nucleotides in adipose tissue. 5. The concentration of glucose 6-phosphate was increased by insulin and lowered by alloxan-diabetes and adrenaline. The concentration of l-glycerol 3-phosphate was increased by insulin, unchanged by alloxan-diabetes and lowered by adrenaline. The concentration of citrate was increased by adrenaline and alloxan-diabetes and unchanged by insulin. 6. The effect of glucose concentration in the medium on rates of glucose uptake in adipose tissue from normal rats and alloxan-diabetic rats was investigated. The K(u) of glucose uptake was 29-44mg./100ml. and the V(max.) was 0.77mg./g. wet wt. of tissue/hr. Insulin increased the V(max.) and alloxan-diabetes diminished it, but neither agent significantly altered the K(u). 7. The significance of these results in relation to control of metabolism of adipose tissue is discussed.
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PMID:Measurement of concentrations of metabolites in adipose tissue and effects of insulin, alloxan-diabetes and adrenaline. 596 39

Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMN); sham-operated animals served as controls. The animals were fed lab chow and given tap water ad libitum. Fourteen days after the hypothalamic operation they were weighed and measured to assess ponderal and linear growth gains and Lee Index and were sacrificed on the following day. Body weight, body weight gain over two weeks, nose-tail length and gain in nose-tail length, and food intake were all highly significantly reduced in DMNL rats in comparison with controls. Lee Index and efficiency of food utilization were normal, however. Epididymal fat pads weighed less in both absolute and relative (percentage body weight) terms than in controls. Basal lipolysis was increased and epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis was decreased in DMNL rats, as was the protein content of the epididymal fat pads. Lipid content was normal, however. Interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) was significantly lighter in DMNL rats than in controls in absolute terms, but all other parameters measured were normal, as were plasma glucose, glycerol, and free fatty acids. Comparison with results from rats that received ventromedial hypothalamic lesions shortly after weaning indicates a differential effect in most epididymal fat pad parameters but similarities to changes in BAT. These data add to previous demonstrations of normal responses to homeostatic challenges in the growth-retarded, hypophagic-hypodipsic rat with lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus.
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PMID:Hypothalamus and brown fat: white and brown adipose tissue lipolysis in weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions. 613 65

The authors investigated the effect of moderate caffeine intake on overall cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) metabolism in the rat and its relationship to growth and glucose metabolism in adipose tissue. Male Sprague-Dawley weanling rats were divided into control and treatment groups. The latter received caffeine via drinking water (0.06 mg/ml H2O) during a 4-week period whereas controls received water only. At weekly intervals, urinary cyclic AMP excretion, food intake and weight gain were measured. Plasma cyclic AMP caffeine and glucose were determined at moment of death and in vitro lipogenesis and glycogen synthesis from [6-14C]glucose in epididymal adipose tissue were assayed. Although urinary cyclic AMP excretion was negatively correlated to caffeine intake during the 2nd week of the experiment, this did not reach significant levels, nor did this trend continue into the 4th week. Growth pattern and food efficiency were similar in both groups as were blood glucose and cyclic AMP values at moment of death. In vitro glycogen synthesis from [6-14C] glucose in adipose tissue showed a 40% increase, this parameter being positively correlated with plasma caffeine concentration. Glucose uptake and lipogenesis were unaltered in epididymal fat pads. These data suggest that regular intake of a moderate dose of caffeine leads to homeostasis of overall cyclic AMP metabolism and of selected physiological parameters under study. Alteration of glycogen synthesis in adipose tissue is discussed in relation to documented effects of caffeine ingestion on catecholamine secretion.
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PMID:Physiological effects of caffeine in the rat: extracellular cyclic AMP status, growth pattern and glucose metabolism in adipose tissue. 626 Sep 14


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