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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Adult male Wistar rats were poisoned by ad libitum ingestion of lead acetate at concentrations of 0.5 g/l and 1.0 g/l in drinking water, for 90 days. Blood lead exhibited a significant increase in both treated groups. A decrease in haematocrit and haemoglobin, together with a rise in glucose levels, confirmed lead intoxication. No signs of lesion were detected upon histological examination of testes, caput and cauda epididymidis. In this early phase of intoxication, no alteration occurred in the seminiferous tubule diameter, in the germinal epithelium height, nor in the rate of spermatogenesis and the production of spermatozoa. The caput epididymidis also showed no structural change. In the cauda epididymidis, however, an increase in ductal diameter, and a decrease in epithelial height, were observed. The concentration of spermatozoa stored in the caudal region of the epididymis exhibited a significant increase in lead-treated animals. The results, which reveal an early involvement of cauda epididymidis in lead intoxication, are discussed in terms of a disturbance in the neuroendocrine mechanism controlling the multiple epididymal functions.
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PMID:Morphometric and stereological analysis of rat testis and epididymis in an early phase of saturnism. 326 28

A rapid bioassay procedure is described for quality-control testing water and apparatus used in the preparation of media for gamete and embryo culture. This bioassay is based on the sensitivity of hamster epididymal spermatozoa to contaminants present in water and/or in the culture apparatus. The bioassay is usually performed using a modified Tyrode's solution as the sperm culture medium, although complex media can be used. The sensitivity of this test is greatly enhanced by the absence of protein in the medium. The bioassay has been used to detect impurities in water prepared by a standard cartridge filtration system and to verify that reverse-osmosis pretreatment of water could eliminate the problem. It has also detected toxic contaminants leached from syringe filters during medium sterilization. The bioassay is simple to perform and can be completed in 1 working day. It may be a useful alternative to the conventional mouse embryo tests that are in widespread use in human in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratories.
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PMID:A rapid sperm motility bioassay procedure for quality-control testing of water and culture media. 341 Nov 77

Adult male golden hamsters with continuous access to Purina chow, water and either 15, 30 or 45% ethanol (v/v) for 14 weeks derived an average of 34, 37 and 22%, respectively, of their total calories from ethanol. Animals in the 15 and 45% ethanol groups derived up to 12.0 and 9.9 kcal/day, respectively, from ethanol, but the Purina chow intakes of these animals were such that their total caloric consumption and their body weights did not significantly exceed those of a control group having access only to Purina chow and water. In contrast, the 30% ethanol group derived up to 16.4 kcal/day from ethanol, and consistently consumed 25% more total calories than the control group, despite eating significantly less Purina chow. Furthermore, hamsters in the 30% ethanol group were 27% heavier and had significantly larger epididymal and retroperitoneal fat pads than controls. Similarities are noted between ethanol-induced obesity in hamsters and the dietary obesity which has been observed in rats having continuous access to Purina chow and a 32% sucrose solution.
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PMID:Voluntary ethanol consumption and obesity in golden hamsters. 351 15

The effects of dietary fructose, levamisole and vanadate on insulin-stimulated conversion of D-[U-14C]glucose to 14CO2 and to 14C-labeled lipid were examined in rat epididymal adipose tissue. Male weanling rats were fed isoenergetic diets containing either 27% (wt/wt) fructose or glucose for 11 wk. During the final 4 wk, rats in each group were either untreated (control) or treated orally with 20 mg/kg body wt levamisole or 0.5 ppm vanadate via their drinking water. Basal glucose oxidation to CO2 was 45% higher in the fructose-control than in the glucose-control group. Insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation in both control groups was not higher than the basal rate in fructose-fed rats. Basal lipogenesis was 31% lower in the fructose-control than in the glucose-control group. Insulin-stimulated lipogenesis was much higher than basal, but was not different between fructose- and glucose-control groups. Levamisole increased basal lipogenesis in fructose-fed rats. Vanadate acted synergistically with fructose in greatly diminishing insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation. Fasting plasma insulin levels were lower and fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides were higher in fructose- than in glucose-fed rats, irrespective of treatment. Results suggest that adaptation to dietary fructose enhances basal oxidative capacity in an insulin-like fashion and reduces the basal lipogenic capacity of adipose tissue. Treatment with levamisole and vanadate lowers the overall rate of glucose metabolism and alters the effects of fructose.
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PMID:Effects of fructose, levamisole and vanadate on insulin action in rat adipose tissue. 355 68

Water restriction impaired sperm production in deer mice, a seasonally breeding mammal that encounters aperiodic droughts in its natural habitat throughout North America. Water-induced spermatogenic responses were sorted into three categories based upon epididymal sperm numbers: aspermic, oligospermic, and euspermic. Average gonadal mass was reduced after 10 wk of limited water consumption. Inter-individual variation in gonadal response to a simulated drought was similar to phenotypic differences in reproductive function in response to other environmental cues that direct annual reproductive cycles. Our findings suggest that water availability may act as a cue to suppress gametogenesis in deer mice independently from food, temperature, and day length.
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PMID:Water availability affects reproduction in deer mice. 367 83

Composition of gain was measured in 54 rats fed purified diets that contained either 10 or 20% casein. Rats were weighed three times weekly and their intakes adjusted so that five or six rats within each diet gained maximally or at 2, 3, 4 or 5 g/d. Live weight for each rat was 80 g at the start and 205 g when the experiment ended. Ten additional rats were killed at about 80 g to estimate initial composition. The gain contained less (P less than 0.005) water and protein and more (P less than 0.005) lipid as rate of gain increased. Gain of gastrointestinal tract was increased (P less than 0.005) with increasing rate of gain. Rats that gained faster had shorter (P less than 0.05) tibias. More (P less than 0.005) water and protein and less (P less than 0.005) lipid were in the gain of rats fed the 20% casein diet than of those fed the 10% casein diet. Rats fed the 10% casein diet had longer bodies, and those fed the 20% casein diet had longer tibias. Water and protein gain declined and tibia length was less while liver gain increased with increasing rate of gain, but all rates of change for these measurements were higher for rats fed the 10% casein diet. Dissected epididymal fat pad gain was unaffected by casein level or rate of gain. These results demonstrate that chemical composition of the total gain can be altered when rate of growth is controlled and that the epididymal fat pad is not representative of chemical composition.
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PMID:Composition of gain of rats fed low or high protein diets and grown at controlled rates from 80 to 205 grams. 369 91

Sexually mature male mice, exposed to lead in the drinking water for 3 months, attained a mean blood level of 32 micrograms/100 ml. In control mice, given deionized water, blood lead levels were less than 0.5 microgram/100 ml. At the end of the exposure period, each male was caged with three untreated females. On Day 17 after mating, the frequency of pregnant females and the number of fetuses and resorptions were recorded. Females without implantations were significantly more numerous (P less than 0.05) in the group that had been mated with the lead-exposed males. The frequencies of resorptions and fetal malformations were similar in the two groups. The two groups of males were compared with respect to body weight, plasma level of testosterone, number of epididymal sperms, and weight of reproductive organs. No statistically significant differences were found. Increased tissue concentrations of lead were noted for all the male reproductive organs, as well as the hypothalamus. It cannot be decided at present whether the decrease in the number of pregnant females was due to a reduction in the ability of spermatozoa from the lead-exposed males to fertilize or to a preimplantation loss of fertilized ova.
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PMID:Long-term exposure of the male mouse to lead: effects on fertility. 378 Jun 46

Experiment 1: Weanling male rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMNL rats); sham-operated animals served as controls. Rats were killed four hours and three and seven days postoperatively (post-op). Plasma was obtained and epididymal fat pads, diaphragm and liver aliquots were harvested and the in vitro incorporation of U-14C-glucose into CO2, glycogen, lipid and saponifiable fatty acids (FAs) were measured. Body weight, carcass lipid and food intake were significantly lower in DMNL rats than in controls. The only significant lesion-induced metabolic changes were hypoglycemia and greater tracer incorporation into epididymal fat pad lipid and diaphragm glycogen. Both DMNL rats and controls showed similar time courses of tracer incorporation into epididymal CO2 and FAs, diaphragm lipid and liver CO2, glycogen, lipid and FAs. Lesioned rats also showed more pronounced decreases of tracer incorporation from day 0 to day 3 in epididymal glycogen and lipid and diaphragm CO2 and glycogen. These data make it appear unlikely that very early deficits in glucose metabolism are the cause of the growth retardation seen in long-term studies with DMNL rats. The data also demonstrate considerable locus specificity, since weanling rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions (VMNL rats) in similar short-term studies have shown dramatic alterations in the above parameters. Experiment 2: Weanling DMNL rats and sham-operated rats were injected via tail vein with tritiated water one hour post-op. One hour after the injection they were decapitated. There were no significant differences between DMNL rats and controls in mumoles tritiated water incorporated into total liver, grams liver tissue, mg liver glycogen and ml or mg plasma glucose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Failure to demonstrate early metabolic changes in weanling growth-retarded hypophagic rats with lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei. 386 72

The effects of insulin treatment and dietary glucose on the responsiveness of adipose tissue to insulin and GH after hypophysectomy were studied. Male rats, 130-150 g, were hypophysectomized. Glucose metabolism was measured by determining the production of CO2 from [14C]glucose and the incorporation of glucose into lipids in the epididymal fat pad. Basal levels of glucose oxidation as well as the response to insulin were markedly decreased 7 days after hypophysectomy. In hypophysectomized animals given drinking water containing 10% glucose, insulin responsiveness was partially restored, and an enhanced response to the insulin-like effect of GH was observed. Plasma insulin levels decreased after hypophysectomy. Additional glucose caused a significant increase in plasma insulin levels, but these levels were still lower than those in sham-operated animals. To examine the possibility that endogenous insulin levels are important for the capacity of adipose tissue to metabolize glucose and respond to insulin and GH, hypophysectomized rats were injected with different, progressively increasing doses of insulin for 7 days, beginning on the day after the operation. Basal levels of glucose oxidation were decreased in hypophysectomized control animals and gradually increased in a dose-dependent manner in insulin-treated animals. Basal levels were normalized when the total dose of insulin injected was 16.5 U. In these animals, the response to insulin was enhanced, and there was an increase in the magnitude of the response to GH. Similar results were obtained when glucose incorporation into lipids was determined. The decrease in basal and insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation levels after hypophysectomy were most pronounced when measured at a high glucose concentration (50 mM), when glucose transport is not rate limiting. The results indicate that the changes in glucose metabolism and hormonal responsiveness of adipose tissue after hypophysectomy are, at least in part, dependent upon the decrease in endogenous insulin levels.
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PMID:Effect of insulin treatment of hypophysectomized rats on adipose tissue responsiveness to insulin and growth hormone. 388

An ascochlorin derivative, AS-6, is a new hypoglycemic agent orally active in both obese hyperinsulinemic and insulin-deficient diabetic animal models. AS-6, when given as a 0.025-0.2% admixture in the diet, dose-dependently ameliorated polydipsia, polyuria, and glycosuria in the genetically obese diabetic mouse, C57BL/KsJ db/db, while neither insulin nor tolbutamide showed any beneficial effects. The amelioration by AS-6 was associated with a marked decrease in serum glucose and triglyceride. The effects persisted at least 10 wk, accompanied by a steady decrease in drinking water consumption. The chronic treatment prevented pancreatic islet degeneration, e.g., degranulation of the beta-cells, basophilic appearance of the exocrine border around the islets, and small round cell infiltration. The isolated islets from AS-6-treated mice released much more insulin in response to glucose than those from untreated controls. A significant correlation between serum immunoreactive insulin and glucose/triglyceride from both treated and untreated mice suggests that AS-6 restores sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin to the mice. In fact, the combined treatment with insulin synergistically decreased serum glucose by 50% below AS-6 treatment alone. Furthermore, the epididymal fat pad slices from AS-6-treated db/db mice increased CO2 generation and lipogenesis over the untreated controls, and the glucose metabolic rate (CO2 generation plus lipogenesis from U-[14C]-glucose) in the slices and the serum glucose level inversely correlated at r = 0.8799.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:An ascochlorin derivative, AS-6, reduces insulin resistance in the genetically obese diabetic mouse, db/db. 388 94


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