Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We investigated the reason for the high mortality we had observed in hypophysectomized-orchidectomized Golden Syrian hamsters that were anesthetized with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of chloral hydrate (CH). Intact male Golden Syrian hamsters were injected intraperitoneally with 0.1cc/100g BW of a 35% solution of CH, a 35% solution of sodium chloride, or double-distilled water. Equal numbers of hamsters in each group were injected on the right or left side of the abdomen. Within 10 days, 35% of the CH-injected hamsters were dead or had to be euthanized. Autopsy revealed severe peritonitis and adynamic ileus. CH-injected hamsters that survived gained weight at a rate similar to that of the controls. All surviving hamsters were killed 18 days after the injections. Among the surviving CH-injected hamsters, 84.6% had intra-abdominal adhesions, 61.5% had unilateral testicular atrophy, and 53.8% had a yellowish necrotic mass in the epididymal fat pad (EFP). All the lesions occurred on the side that was injected. The atrophied testes had been rendered cryptorchid due to involvement with intra-abdominal adhesions. In the water-treated controls, there were no abnormalities; whereas, in the saline controls, 75% had a mass in the EFP. Histology of the EFP mass was similar in hamsters injected with CH or hypertonic saline and suggested a diagnosis of fat necrosis. The results suggest that the mortality, the intra-abdominal adhesions, and the unilateral cryptorchidism were caused by a single i.p. injection of CH, but the fat necrosis in the EFP was probably caused by high concentrations of salt. The results further suggest that high concentrations of CH should not be injected intraperitoneally for anesthesia in chronic studies, particularly of the male reproductive system.
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PMID:Intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate causes intra-abdominal adhesions and unilateral testicular atrophy in golden Syrian hamsters. 161 72

A population of cloud forest mice (Peromyscus nudipes) at latitude 10 degrees N near Monteverde, Costa Rica, was sampled four times by live-trapping twice during the 7-8 month wet season and twice during the 4-5 month dry season in 1989 and 1990. Body weights were lower during the early part of the dry season in males and throughout the dry season in females than at other times. Testes and seminal vesicles were somewhat lighter early in the dry season, but epididymal spermatozoa were abundant in most males throughout the year. Adult females ovulated, mated and became pregnant in the wet and dry seasons, but young were produced only during the wet season. Most embryos failed to implant during the dry season, and the few that did complete implantation were reabsorbed before midpregnancy. Apparently, every year, the females in this population spend several months actively engaged in a behavioural and metabolically costly process that is doomed to be unsuccessful. This reproductive strategy is termed pseudoseasonal, because reproductive success is highly seasonal, but attempts to reproduce are nonseasonal. Implantation failures similar to those seen in the wild were induced in the laboratory using mild restriction of food or water. Field evidence points to food restriction as the more important cause of pregnancy losses in the wild. Exposure to the gradually changing daylengths typical of Costa Rica had no effect on the production of young by adults, and maintenance on light cycles of 8 h light: 16 h dark, 11 h light: 13 h dark, 13 h light: 11 h dark and 16 h light: 8 h dark had no effect on the reproductive development of young animals of either sex.
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PMID:A pseudoseasonal reproductive strategy in a tropical rodent, Peromyscus nudipes. 162 50

Endothelin, a novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells, stimulated anion secretion by a cultured secretory epithelium derived from the rat epididymis as measured by changes in short-circuit current (SCC). Stimulation of the SCC was observed when endothelin was added to the basolateral or the apical side of the epithelium. The response to basolateral application was greater than that to apical application. The EC50 values were found to be 1.3 and 3.0 nM for basolateral and apical application, respectively. These values were about one-half to one order of magnitude higher than that required for its vasoconstrictor action. The stimulation of SCC by endothelin was likely to be due to an increase to anion secretion as removal of Cl from the incubation medium markedly reduced the SCC response to endothelin. Diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC, 0.1 mM), a Cl-channel blocker, added to the apical side also inhibited the endothelin-induced rise in SCC. The stimulation of SCC by endothelin was accompanied by a rise in the intracellular cyclic AMP content in epididymal monolayers. Immunofluorescence staining has shown the presence of immunoreactive endothelin-like compound in the interstitium and epithelial cells of the rat epididymis. It is speculated that endogenous endothelin plays an important role in the control of water and electrolyte transport in the epididymis.
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PMID:Functional study and immunocytochemical identification of endothelin in cultured epididymal cells and intact epididymis of the rat. 172 45

It is generally agreed that thyroid hormone stimulates the hepatic synthesis of long chain fatty acids in the rat. However, there are conflicting data about its effects in white adipose tissue, while in brown adipose tissue, lipogenic rates are highest in hypothyroid animals. We have systematically examined the effect of thyroid state on lipogenesis in different rat tissues. Fatty acid synthesis was assessed in vivo, using the incorporation of tritiated water. Hepatic lipogenesis was induced 16-fold between hypothyroid (4.1 +/- 0.6 microns H incorporated/g.h) and hyperthyroid rats (66.5 +/- 13.2 microns H/g.h). Kidney and heart were much less lipogenically active, but also responded positively to thyroid hormone. Both hyper- and hypothyroidism diminished fatty acid synthesis in retroperitoneal fat and had similar, although not significant, effects in epididymal fat. However, epididymal adipocytes, taken from hyperthyroid rats and cultured in vitro, were 3 times more lipogenically active than cells from either hypo- or euthyroid animals. Lipogenesis in sc fat from hyperthyroid rats was enhanced when calculated per g tissue, but was not different when expressed per whole tissue. In brown adipose tissue, lipogenesis was inversely related to thyroid hormone status. Fatty acid synthesis in brain, lung, skin, and bone and muscle did not respond to changes in thyroid state. TLC confirmed that greater than 90% of the incorporated tritium was in fatty acids. Thus, in hypothyroid animals, lipogenesis primarily occurs in skin, bone, muscle, and other nonresponsive organs, whereas in hyperthyroid rats, the liver alone constitutes almost half of all fatty acid synthesis. The fatty acid synthetic pathway provides an excellent model for examining the tissue-specific regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone.
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PMID:Tissue-specific regulation of fatty acid synthesis by thyroid hormone. 173 12

Two- and thirteen-week toxicity studies were conducted using male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Animals were exposed to the following concentrations of acetone in their drinking water: two-week studies 0; 5000; 10,000; 20,000; 50,000; or 100,000 ppm acetone. Thirteen-week rat and female mouse studies 0; 2500; 5000; 10,000; 20,000; or 50,000 ppm acetone. Thirteen week male mice were exposed to 0; 1250; 2500; 5000; 10,000; or 20,000 ppm acetone. Depressed body weight gain was restricted to the 50,000 and 100,000 ppm exposure groups. Male and female mice exposed respectively to 20,000 or 50,000 ppm acetone for 2 weeks developed hepatocellular hypertrophy. This change was not apparent after 13 weeks of exposure although relative and absolute liver weight was increased in high dose female mice. Bone marrow hypoplasia was observed in 5/5 high dose (100,000 ppm) male rats during the 2-week studies. Treatment of male rats for 13 weeks resulted in a variety of mild and subtle hematological changes that often occurred at relatively low levels of exposure (5000 ppm) and resembled those seen during the clinical condition of megaloblastic anemia. Changes characteristic of hypogonadism (depressed sperm motility and cauda epididymal and epididymal weight and elevated incidence of abnormal sperm) were observed in male rats receiving 50,000 ppm acetone for 13 weeks. The incidence and severity of a kidney lesion that is morphologically similar to the spontaneously occurring nephropathy among aging F-344 rats were increased at 20,000 and 50,000 ppm acetone, respectively, in 13-week male rats. In summary, the effects of acetone were either subtle in nature or occurred during very high levels of exposure confirming acetone's low level of toxicity. The daily levels of acetone exposure were often several-fold greater than possibly encountered by humans during the accidental consumption of contaminated groundwater (250 ppm; 5 mg/day) and frequently exceeded maximum levels reported following acute toxic exposures (2,500 mg/kg).
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PMID:Toxicity studies of acetone administered in the drinking water of rodents. 176 22

The influence of perfusion medium on in vitro recovery of 14C-oleate to microdialysis probes was investigated. Four perfusion media were investigated: water, 4% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in Ringer solution, 2.25% glycerol in water and a 20% soybean oil/egg phospholipid emulsion (Intralipid). The following order of recovery was found (highest recovery first): BSA = Intralipid greater than glycerol greater than water. The recoveries at 0.5 microliter/min. perfusion rate of the dialysis probe were 4.8%, 4.4%, 2.6% and 1.2% respectively. It was attempted to measure 14C-oleate after intravenous infusion. The samples were extracted with hexane/isopropyl alcohol in order to separate the free fatty acid from products of oxidation which are hydrophilic. Dialysis probes were implanted in interscapular adipose tissue, epididymal fat, muscle, liver and jugular vein of rats. We were not able to detect unbound fatty acids, neither basally nor after stimulation with 1 mg/kg norepinephrine intraperitoneally. However, products of oxidation from the infused oleate were released in response to norepinephrine stimulation. It is concluded that the recovery of lipophilic compounds in microdialysis devices can be improved by means of a lipophilic perfusion medium or by means of e.g. BSA to which the compound binds. The free fatty acid levels were too small to be measureable in vivo in the present study.
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PMID:Microdialysis of lipophilic compounds: a methodological study. 180 49

The decrease in motility of porcine cauda epididymal sperm was less than that of caput epididymal sperm in the medium containing bicarbonate. This may be due to the difference of sensitivity of adenylate cyclase to bicarbonate between mature and immature sperm; activation of mature sperm enzyme by bicarbonate was higher than that of immature sperm. Nondialysable fraction of egg yolk prevented the decrease in motility of immature sperm in the presence of bicarbonate, but it was not effective for the motility of mature sperm under the same condition, because only bicarbonate is sufficient for the maintenance of its motility. In the absence of bicarbonate, both mature and immature sperm required egg yolk to maintain motility. The favorable effect of egg yolk on the motility is ascribed to the enhancement of intracellular cAMP level. Partial fractionation of egg yolk showed that water-insoluble lipoprotein fraction contains factor(s) which activates adenylate cyclase in sperm plasma membrane. This is the first report in which high molecular weight activator of the sperm enzyme was demonstrated.
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PMID:Water insoluble fraction of egg yolk maintains porcine sperm motility by activating adenylate cyclase. 184 69

Charles River CD rats (approximate weight, 208 g) were exposed to 1.0% 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) in drinking water for 5 weeks. Rats were killed 27, 60, and 75 weeks after exposure to evaluate the recovery potential following testicular injury. At 27 weeks, normal serum testosterone and significantly elevated serum luteinizing hormone and serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels were found in treated rats. The 2,5-HD-treated rats had low testicular and epididymal weights at all time points (28% and 72% of controls, respectively, at 75 weeks). Microscopically, there was a generalized loss of postspermatogonial germ cells at all time points, with no seminiferous tubules exhibiting normal spermatogenesis at 75 weeks. However, a relatively constant population of 3.1 to 3.7 spermatogonia/100 Sertoli cells was found in atrophic seminiferous tubules at all time points. The presence of a constant residual population of type A spermatogonia without a normal mass of more mature germ cells and the observed hormonal alterations suggest that 2,5-HD intoxication produced a lengthy disruption in local testicular homeostatic mechanisms that control spermatogenesis.
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PMID:2,5-hexanedione exposure in the rat results in long-term testicular atrophy despite the presence of residual spermatogonia. 201 Mar 48

The in vitro motility of caudal epididymal spermatozoa from four hamsters, four rats, and four mice was compared in modified Tyrode's medium (TLP-PVA) prepared with water of three qualities: (1) Sigma tissue culture water, 18 m omega, high quality (HQ); (2) deionized distilled water, 4.5 m omega prior to distillation, intermediate quality (IQ); and (3) tap water, low quality (LQ). The objective was to evaluate the in vitro bioassay potential of spermatozoa from these species, in terms of relative sensitivities to toxins in different qualities of water. An average sperm motility index (SMI) was calculated per treatment at 2, 4, and 6 hr, where SMI = fpm2 x % motility. Hamster SMI could be used to discriminate between HQ and IQ media at 4 and 6 hr (P less than 0.001), while rat SMI could be used to discriminate between HQ and IQ media at 6 hr (P less than 0.05). Mouse SMI did not differ between HQ and IQ media. The ability to discriminate between extremes in quality. HQ or IQ vs LQ, was equal between species (P less than 0.001). These results suggest that hamster spermatozoa provide the more sensitive in vitro bioassay model, while rat and mouse spermatozoa may be used for assay of extremes in water quality.
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PMID:An evaluation of hamster, rat, and mouse sperm-cell motility in media formulated with water of different qualities. 201 62

Mature (224 g) male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral electrolytic (1 mA for 8 sec) lesions in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHAL) or sham operations (CON). One group of CON was allowed to eat ad lib (CON-ADLIB), a second CON group was pair-fed to the LHAL rats (CON-PF). Tap water was available ad lib. Two days after the operation/sham operation all rats were killed by decapitation. Body weight, body weight change, food intake, carcass fat, liver weight, epididymal fat pad weight, in vitro incorporation of U-C14-glucose into liver total lipid, glycogen and CO2 (oxidation) (DPM, DPM/mg protein) as well as oxidation in fat pad tissue, plasma glucose and insulin were significantly reduced in LHAL and CON-PF rats compared with CON-ADLIB. Glucose carbon incorporation into epididymal fat pad lipid and glycogen were normal in LHAL and CON-PF. Liver protein and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) were both higher in LHAL and CON-PF than in CON-ADLIB groups. Thus, many of the somatic and metabolic changes that appear in the first few days after lesion production are simply due to hypophagia. However, CON-PF rats also exhibited some significant differences from the LHAL group, i.e., their plasma glucose and incorporation of glucose carbon into liver glycogen (DPM) were significantly lower than in LHAL rats; alternatively, plasma FFA levels were higher in CON-PF than in LHAL rats. Also, liver weight/100 g body weight was lower and fat pad weight/100 g body weight was higher in CON-PF than in LHAL rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Metabolic-endocrine correlates of the lateral hypothalamic syndrome: the first 48 hours. 208 79


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