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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ability to form androgen conjugates and the hormone dependency of the conjugating enzymes have been studied in the rat epididymis. Following the in vitro incubation of 3H-testosterone with epididymal slices from intact and castrated rats, the radioactivity recovered was partitioned between water and ether. Examination of the water soluble radioactivity demonstrated the presence of glucuronides and sulfates. The total radioactivity in the conjugate fraction was the same for both intact and castrated animals. However, castrated rats showed a 3-fold increase in the glucuronide fraction with a corresponding decrease in the formation of sulfates. Characterization of the ether soluble radioactivity after solvolysis of the conjugate fraction from castrated animals, showed DHT (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) and 3alpha-diol (5alpha-andro-stane-3alpha, 17beta-diol) to be the main metabolites. After beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis of the same, only 3alpha-diol could be demonstrated at a significant level, although traces of DHT and delta16 compounds were present. Corresponding hydrolysis of the water phase from incubation of epididymis from intact rats, demonstrated a marked quantitative difference. Here approximately 40% of the conjugated aglycones consisted of delta16 compounds, whilst only about 12% was comprised of 3alpha-diol. The preferential conjugation of DHT and 3alpha-diol to a sulfate radical was demonstrated in both intact and castrated rats. Since the conjugated delta16 compounds were detected only in the epididymis from intact animals, it is possible that these are formed by the spermatozoa.
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PMID:Androgen metabolism by rat epididymis. 4. The formation of conjugates. 94 Nov 82

The purpose of the work was to establish the eventual "metabolic toxicity" of pesticide-contaminated diets in the Rat. The liver metabolic response to various stimuli was compared in dithiocarbamate-fed animals and in non-contaminated ones. 112 weanling male Wistar CF rats were fed, during 15 days, with a demi-synthetic control diet. They were then divided into 4 lots:--the control group C, which went on to receive the same diet,--the nabame group N, the diet of which was supplemented with 275 ppm of the dithiocarbamate;--the thirame groupe R, receiving the control diet + 600 ppm thirame;--the zineb groupe Z, given the control diet + 3 600 ppm Zineb. The animals were fed with these diets during 14 days, their dithiocarbamate intake thus averaging 1/20 th of the per os LD 50/rat/day. At the end of this 2-week period, each of the 4 groups was divided into 4 sub-groups, all the animals were fasted overnight, then sacrified:--after no other treatment (sub-groups T);--30 minutes after an i.p. injection of 2.6 g/kg glucose (G);--after having been forced to walk in a restraint wheel for 50 minutes/hr during the 18 hrs of the night fast (sub-groups W);--after a 90 minutes exposure in a cold room (F). The weights of the animals, of their liver, heart, kidneys, adrenals and epididymal pads were recorded. In their liver, the following compounds were determined: water, proteins, total lipids, triglycerides, long-chain acyl-CoA, non-esterified fatty acids, total cholesterol, glycogen, glucose, alpha-glycerophosphate. The thirame rats had a lower food intake than the others and the smallest body weight, but their relative liver and kidneys weights were the highest. The nabame animals did not differ from the control ones but the zineb rats had the lightest epididymal fat pads. The primary effects of the dithiocarbamate diets on liver metabolism were apparently not the same in the 3 groups compared to the control ones: nabame and thirame increased glycogen, thirame increased the lipid compounds: long-chain actyl-CoA and triglycerides, where as zineb feeding resulted in an increase of glucose concentration and in a decrease of triglycerides and total lipids. Muscular exercise, or cold exposure, had the following effects compared to those they had in the control group: a greater glucose utilization in the nabame and thirame rats, a smaller glycogen and glucose utilization, associated with an increase of alpha-glycerophosphate, in the zineb animals. These results were considered altogether with those obtained in a previous paper by the same authors, which concerned liver ketone bodies and adenine nucleotides changes after the same experimental conditions, and it was concluded that the 3 dithiocarbamates actually had a common effect on rat metabolism: they all impaired glucose utilization by the liver. Also, fat mobilization from peripheral depots was shown to occur in the 3 experimental groups, resulting in liver fatty acid oxidation in the nabame and zineb rats, and in liver steatosis for the thirame ones...
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PMID:[Short term effects of diets with high levels of dithiocarbamates on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of rat liver]. 97 Aug 34

1. Male rats were fed for 5 weeks after weaning on a diet containing (by weight) 59% of starch or on diets that contained 39% of starch and 20% of either sucrose, beef tallow or corn oil. 2. The rats fed on the beef tallow consumed more energy than did the rats fed on the starch and sucrose diets. The rats fed on the corn oil drank less water than did the other groups of rats. 3. There were no significant differences between the four groups in terms of body-weight gain, epididymal-fat-pad weight and in the size, number and triacylglycerol content of the adipocytes in the fat-pads. 4. There was a significant correlation (P less than 0.001) between the activities of glycerol phosphate acyltransferase and monoacylglycerol acyltransferase in individual rats. Both of these activities were highest in the group fed on the high-starch diet and both correlated with the consumption of glucose by individual rats in the four groups. 5. The percentage of glycerol phosphate converted into diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol was positively correlated with the mean diameters, surface area and triacylglycerol content of the adipocytes for individual rats and was greates in the sucrose-fed rats. 6. The specific activity of dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase was highest in the rats fed on beef tallow. This activity was positively correlated with the energy intake for all dietary groups over the 5-week feeding period. 7. The results are discussed in terms of the functions of the three routes of glycerolipid synthesis in adipose tissue.
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PMID:The effects of diet on the esterification of glycerol phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 2-hexadecylglycerol by homogenates of rat adipose tissue. 101 49

1. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was administered by various methods to mice and rats of various ages and the incidence of obesity was later measured. 2. Newborn mice were injected subcutaneously with 3 mg MSG/g body-weight at 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 d of age; 16% died before weaning. Of the survivors, 90% or more became markedly obese. Mean carcass lipid content was increased by about 120% in both sexes at 20-30 weeks old. In male mice, MSG treatment increased body-weight and epididymal fat pad weight, and greatly decreased adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis in isolated fat cells. Body-eright of females was not increased significantly. Food intake was not increased in either sex from weeks 13 to 15. Blood glucose level was not generally increased by MSG but some of the male mice had abnormally high values. 3. Obesity was not detected in the offspring of female mice that had received 100 g MSG/kg diet, either from 3 weeks before mating until weaning, or from the 14th day of pregnancy until weaning. 4. Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg MSG/g body-weight (in two doses) at weaning increased carcass lipid content in female mice by 34% by 23 weeks of age, but female rats were not affected. 5. The addition of 20 g MSG/l to the drinking-water from weaning onwards did not increase carcass lipid content in female rats or mice. 6. The addition of 20 g MSG/kg diet from weaning onwards did not alter body-weight or carcass lipid content in male and female rats by 14 weeks of age. 7. The obesity induced in mice by MSG was not associated with hyperphagia, unlike genetic obesity and obesity induced by gold thioglucose (GTG). 8. All types of mouse studied, obese and lean, had essentially the same linear relationship between carcass water content and carcass lipid content. 9. Although MSG-obese mice could not readily be differentiated from normal mice by the increase in body-weight, which was only about 10% compared to 50-120% for genetic and GTG-induced obesity, the proposed schedule of injections in the newborn was almost 100% reliable in inducing a high extent of adiposity.
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PMID:The induction of obesity in rodents by means of monosodium glutamate. 110 64

The fat cells of rat epididymal adipose tissue contain an average of 0.5 mg of cholesterol per gram of triglyceride. Of this cholesterol, 90% is nonesterified and 80% is located in the lipid storage compartment. The fat cell cholesterol content correlated positively with cell size. During fasting the free cholesterol of the adipocyte decreased in parallel with triglyceride, whereas the amount of esterified cholesterol did not change. The fat cell cholesterol content is independent of the amount of dietary cholesterol. On in vitro incubation of rat fat cells with radiolabeled acetate, mevalonate, glucose, leucine, or water, labeled cholesterol was synthesized. The rate of cholesterol synthesis increased with fat cell size. Fasting suppressed cholesterol synthesis by 90%, whereas refeeding stimulated the synthesis above values found in normally fed rats. Stimulation of lipolysis with theophylline or with dibutyryl cyclic AMP markedly inhibited cholesterol synthesis in fat cells. Insulin increased the incorporation of glucose and leucine into fat cell cholesterol. The cholesterol synthesis in fat cells was not suppressed by a high cholesterol diet. Addition of very low or low density lipoprotein into the incubation medium suppressed fat cell cholesterol synthesis whereas high density lipoprotein did not. The lipoprotein-free serum stimulated cholesterol synthesis compared with serum-free medium. The rate of cholesterol synthesis in total adipose tissue of rat was estimated to be 4% of that in the liver. It seems unlikely that the increased body cholesterol turnover present in obesity is accounted for by the enhanced cholesterol formation in the enlarged adipose tissue.
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PMID:Regulation of cholesterol synthesis and storage in fat cells. 112 58

Gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserve in the 1-humped camel was determined by measuring testes size and sperm reserves. The sperm-producing capacity is of major importance for maximum breeding results. Normal testes from 18 mature camels were collected from abattoirs and measured by calipers 1-2 hours after slaughter. The volume of the testes was determined by water displacement. Each testis was then minced separately and the gonadal spermatozoon reserves calculated. The different parts of the epididymides were minced separately and the spermatozoon reserves determined. Of linear measurements, the length of the testis was the most important for determining the gonadal sperm reserve. Coefficients of correlation between the weight and volume of the testes, with and without the tunica albuginea, were significant. The average weight of the paired testes was 183.42 gm with the tunica albugiane and 152.47 gm without it. The gonadal sperm reserve was significantly correlated (p less than .01) wit h the epididymal sperm reserve. Findings for other farm animals are quo ted from the literature.
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PMID:On the relation between testes size and sperm reserves in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). 122 6

The in vivo and in vitro metabolism of 3H-testosterone by rat epididymis and the changes in epididymal weight have been studied after castration and treatment with anti-androgens. The utilization of 3H-testosterone was greatly reduced after castration as was the formation of 5alpha-reduced 17 beta-hydroxy metabolites. The formation of the 17 -keto metabolites was unaffected. Castration had no effect on the ratio between water and ether soluble radioactivity. Administration of testosterone propionate, necessary for giving normal stimulated prostate weight (150 mug/day), restored the metabolism of testosterone to approximately normal values. Estradiol benzoate and progesterone inhibited metabolism of testosterone in vitro and greatly reduced the formation of DHT (17 beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) and 3 alpha-diol(5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha-17 beta-diol) by experiments both in vivo and in vitro. No effect of cyproterone acetate could be demonstrated on either the in vitro or in vivo metabolism of testosterone. Castration for 14 days reduced the epididymal weight to about 30% of that found in intact animals. Administration of testosterone propionate restored the epididymal weight to about 80% of normal. Estradiol benzoate and cyproterone acetate given to intact rats led to a decrease in the epididymal weight. Progesterone had no such effect. In 14 days castrated rats receiving testosterone propionate all three anti-androgens reduced the weight of the epididymis. In conclusion, our results show that the metabolic conversion of testosterone in epididymis to DHT and 3 alpha-diol is dramatically dependent on the hormonal status of the animal; castration or treatment with anti-androgens causes a reduced formation of the "active" androgens whilst testosterone replacement treatment restores the metabolism of testosterone to normal.
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PMID:Androgen metabolism by rat epididymis. 3. Effect of castration and anti-androgens. 126 92

It has been proposed that increased glucocorticoid hormones and decreased sex hormones affect regional fat metabolism and distribution. In the present work, it was hypothesized that chronic, uncontrollable stress, known to affect the pituitary-adrenal and pituitary-gonadal axes might, therefore, lead to differences in regional fat accumulation. In comparison with controls, male Sprague-Dawley rats stressed for 28 days, had significantly larger adipocytes. In addition, a tendency for a heavier fat pad and an increased lipoprotein lipase activity in the mesenteric depot was suggested. No significant changes were seen in epididymal, retroperitoneal, and inguinal regions. In order to study if the effects observed could be attributed to increased glucocorticoids, the response to a direct administration of supraphysiological doses of corticosterone, given either in the drinking water or via subcutaneous implantation of corticosterone pellets, was studied. Increased fat accumulation was shown in all fat depots in a dose-response fashion, but was significantly more pronounced in the mesenteric region. It was concluded that mesenteric fat tissue may respond to stress in a different manner from other fat depots. Glucocorticoids seem to be partly, but not solely, responsible for the changes observed in adipose tissue metabolism and distribution following exposure to uncontrollable stress.
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PMID:Effect of chronic stress and exogenous glucocorticoids on regional fat distribution and metabolism. 140 24

This study was conducted to determine the effects of lead on Sertoli cell function. Androgen binding protein and inhibin in testicular fluids and classical parameters of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis were measured in adult male rats. For 10 wk, the rats were given water that contained 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% lead acetate. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone levels in all animals that ingested lead were normal at the middle and end of the experiment, as was the pituitary content of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Histologic examination revealed no disruption of spermatogenesis. Distribution of androgen binding protein in serum, seminiferous tubular fluid, and interstitial fluid was normal, as was the concentration of inhibin in interstitial fluid and seminiferous tubular fluid. However, a significant increase in epididymal androgen binding protein level and a decrease in seminal vesicle weight were observed in rats that ingested water containing 1% lead acetate. These results suggest that the effect of lead on spermatogenesis is not marked in adult Sprague Dawley rats, nor does Sertoli cell function appear to be affected adversely. Lead has been reported to alter in vitro metabolic function of Sertoli cells obtained from 16- to 21-d-old Sprague Dawley rats, and the Sertoli cells of juvenile animals may be more susceptible to lead than those of adult animals. The significant decrease in seminal vesicle weight and the abnormal epididymal androgen binding protein content indicate that lead could affect the male reproductive function in Sprague Dawley rats via its action on male accessory organs.
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PMID:Lead acetate does not impair secretion of Sertoli cell function marker proteins in the adult Sprague Dawley rat. 144

Mouse epididymal spermatozoa in the cryopreservation solution (18% raffinose and 3% skim milk in distilled water) were frozen and stored at -196 degrees C, and later thawed at room temperature. The thawed sperm suspension was inseminated into the Fallopian tubes containing ovulated oocytes in pseudopregnant females on the day of finding the vaginal plug. Five out of 12 females gave birth to 28 Young (5.6 per liter).
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PMID:Production of normal young following insemination of frozen-thawed mouse spermatozoa into fallopian tubes of pseudopregnant females. 145 61


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