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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of our study was to estimate the viability of cat epididymal sperm in short time storage at +4 degrees C and in long term storage at -196 degrees C and to assess the percentage of live sperm in fresh semen using eosin/nigrosin staining compared to the flow cytometry method. The testes with epididymides were obtained after routine castration procedure. The sperm for further research were collected after flushing the epididymides using extender consist of: Tris 2.4 g, citric acid 1.4 g, glucose 0.8 g, 0.06% (w/v) Na-benzylpenicillin, 0.1% (w/v) streptomycin sulphate and distilled water. Half of each sample was equilibrated with the dilution and loaded in 0.25 ml plastic straws. The straws were placed on a rack in liquid nitrogen vapour at -120 degrees C for 10 min, plunged in liquid nitrogen for 10 min, replaced to marked goblets and loaded into canes for long term storage in liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees C. Sixty percent of motile spermatozoa was accomplished after thawing. However, the percentage of the sperm with intact acrosomes was decreased and the share of cells with midpiece and tail defects was increased. The storage of sperm flushed from epididymides at +4 degrees C for a short time and the usage of sperm during 2-3 days after collection seems to be better than cryopreservation. In our study, normospermia was present in 72.7 +/- 8.8% of fresh semen. The most common defect was the presence of distal droplets, imperfect heads or abnormal acrosomal outline. The motility of fresh sperm flushed from epididymides achieved 77.9 +/- 6.8%. The viability of sperm amounting to 52.5 +/- 13.8% was achieved on third day of conservation in the liquid extender. The percentage of viable sperm in fresh epididymal spermatozoa was 84.9 +/- 7.8%. Compared to these results, the percentage of live cells using SYBR-14/propidium iodide staining was insignificantly lower (82.2 +/- 8%). The live, non-apoptotic cells were 79.0 +/- 7.8%. The share of live, early-apoptotic spermatozoa and late-apoptotic spermatozoa was, respectively, 2 +/- 1.4% and 1.5 +/- 0.9%. The viability of sperm estimated by eosin/nigrosin staining was confirmed by the flow cytometry method. There was no statistical differences between the staining. The usage of apoptosis detection kit revealed, that the percentage of early-apoptotic and late-apoptotic cells was insignificant.
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PMID:Preservation of tomcat (Felis catus) semen in variable temperatures. 1672 86

The suitability of ejaculated and epididymal stallion spermatozoa for cooled storage (5 degrees C) and cryopreservation was examined in 5 ejaculates from each of 6 stallions and in spermatozoa recovered from the cauda epididymidis after castration of these stallions. The percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa, examined by subjective estimation (cooled samples) or by computerized analysis (frozen-thawed samples), was used as parameter. In ejaculated semen samples containing 5 and 25% seminal plasma in a skim milk glucose extender, the lower amount of seminal plasma supported spermatozoal motility significantly better throughout storage at 5 degrees C. Addition of 5 or 25% seminal plasma to perfused epididymal spermatozoa (0% seminal plasma) resulted in a significant stimulation of spermatozoal motility by 25% seminal plasma at 0 h (P<0.05) and to a lesser extent at 24 and 48 h. Post-thaw motility of ejaculated as well as epididymal spermatozoa was not influenced by slow cooling to 15 degrees or 5 degrees C with or without glycerol prior to rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen vapor. During cooled storage, seminal plasma had a stimulatory effect on epididymal spermatozoa and depressed motility in ejaculated spermatozoa. Results on cryopreservation indicate that freezability of equine spermatozoa is already determined when spermatozoa leave the tail of the epididymis.
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PMID:Preservation of ejaculated and epididymal stallion spermatozoa by cooling and freezing. 1672 35

Epididymal spermatozoa were harvested from male alpacas and frozen after extension and cooling to 4 degrees C in citrate-, Tris- and lactose-based diluents (Experiment 1) and as pellets in 0.25- and 0.5-mL straws on either dry ice or over liquid nitrogen vapour (Experiment 2) to determine the effects diluents and packaging on their motility and acrosome integrity. In Experiment 1, sperm motility was higher after cooling to 4 degrees C and after freeze-thawing (0 but not 3 h post-thaw) for spermatozoa extended in the lactose- than the citrate- or Tris-based diluent (P < 0.05). Post-thaw acrosome integrity after cooling to 4 degrees C and post-thaw (0 h) was reduced for spermatozoa frozen in citrate- compared with lactose- or Tris-based diluents, but was similar for all groups 3 h after thawing. In Experiment 2, sperm motility immediately after thawing was higher for pellet freezing than for 0.25- or 0.5-mL straws on dry ice or liquid nitrogen vapour (P < 0.05), although by 3 h post-thaw motility was similar for pellets and straws (P > 0.05). Acrosome integrity was similar for all groups immediately after thawing and 3 h post-thaw. Cryopreservation of epididymal alpaca spermatozoa is feasible, with retained motility and acrosome integrity post-thaw. Freezing as pellets in a lactose-based diluent is recommended.
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PMID:Cryopreservation of epididymal alpaca (Vicugna pacos) sperm: a comparison of citrate-, Tris- and lactose-based diluents and pellets and straws. 1789 81

This study was designed to examine whether rat spermatozoa after freeze-drying and 1-year storage can participate in full-term development following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Cauda epididymal spermatozoa from Crlj:Wistar rats were frozen in liquid nitrogen (LN(2)), first dried for 14 hr at 0.37 hPa and then for 3 hr at 0.001 hPa. The dried spermatozoa were stored for 1 year in a desiccator at +25 degrees C, or in a refrigerator at +4 degrees C, or in LN(2) at -196 degrees C. Controls consisted of sperm that had only been frozen and stored in LN(2). After being stored, spermatozoa were sonicated to dissociate the sperm tail and were injected into oocytes from superovulated Slc:SD rats. The respective fertilization rates of oocytes injected with frozen sperm, or with freeze-dried sperm stored at +25, +4, and -196 degrees C were 79%, 75%, 70%, and 73%. However, the corresponding cleavage rates of injected oocytes were 63%, 1%, 38%, and 36%. After transfer of >80 zygotes of each group into recipients, the respective percentages of full-term normal offspring resulting from frozen sperm or from freeze-dried sperm stored at +25, +4, and -196 degrees C were 36%, 0%, 7%, and 14%. These results demonstrate that the storage temperature significantly influenced the likelihood of term development of rats produced by injection of oocytes with freeze-dried spermatozoa. Chromosomal analysis of the rat spermatozoa in the ICSI oocytes indicated that chromosomal aberration in freeze-dried spermatozoa stored at +25 degrees C (100%) occurred more frequently than in frozen control spermatozoa (41%) and freeze-dried spermatozoa stored at -196 degrees C (35%), and the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in freeze-dried spermatozoa stored at +4 degrees C (65%) was the intermediate. In conclusion, rat spermatozoa freeze-dried and stored at +4 degrees C for 1 year are capable of participating in full-term development after ICSI.
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PMID:Live rats resulting from injection of oocytes with spermatozoa freeze-dried and stored for one year. 1792 49

Fourteen to eighteen membered tetraazamacrocyclic ligands N(4)TTD(1)-N(4)TTD(4) have been synthesized by the condensation of aliphatic diamines. H(2)N-(CH(2))(y)-NH(2) (y = 2 or 3) and dicarboxylic acids, HOOC-(CH(2))(x)-COOH (x = 1 or 2) in the presence of condensing reagents dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCHC) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). On reduction these macrocyclic ligands give N(4)TTD(5)-N(4)TTD(8), which form complexes with manganese(II) acetate. The new products with octahedral geometry have been characterized by elemental analyses, molecular weight determinations, magnetic moment and spectral studies viz., infrared, electronic, mass and X-ray. On the basis of the spectral studies the binding sites are proposed as the nitrogen atom of the macrocycles. The formulation of the complexes as [Mn(CH(3)COO)(2)(N(4)TTD(n))] (where n = 1 - 8) has been established on the basis of chemical composition. To assess the growth inhibiting potential of the ligands and their manganese (II) complexes biological screening have been undertaken. The testicular morphology, testicular sperm density, sperm motility, density of cauda epididymal spermatozoa and fertility in mating trials and biochemical parameters of reproductive organs with ligands and their corresponding complexes, in vivo have also been described in the this communication.
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PMID:Potentially biodynamic tetraaza macrocycles and their manganese complexes: antiandrogen, antimicrobial and PDI studies. 1836 97

Nitrapyrin has been registered as a nitrogen stabilizer in the United States for many years based on a robust set of regulatory data. These data demonstrated that nitrapyrin was not genotoxic and that there were no tumors elicited in rats or mice that were relevant for human risk assessment. A repeat carcinogenicity study in B6C3F1 mice, conducted at two substantially higher-dose levels (0, 125 or 250 mg/kg/day) than the original study (0, 5, 25 or 75 mg/kg/day) identified liver, stomach, epididymal and Harderian gland tumors. In order to assess the relevance of these findings for human risk assessment, a Scientific Advisory Group (SAG) examined relevant microscopic changes in these tissues and also evaluated genotoxicity and mechanistic data. The SAG determined that the maximum tolerated dose had been exceeded in mice given 125 or 250 mg/kg/day, based on 26-33% decreased body weight gains (males-250 mg/kg/day), hepatocellular necrosis and compensatory hepatocellular proliferation (males and females-125 and 250 mg/kg/day). The SAG believed that the increased incidences of hepatocellular foci of alteration and hepatocellular neoplasms represented an epigenetic response to hepatocellular necrosis and increased mitogenesis. Increased incidences of proliferative lesions in the forestomach mucosa were likely secondary to the irritant effects of nitrapyrin. Neither the liver nor forestomach effects were interpreted to be a direct carcinogenic effect. Higher incidences of Harderian gland adenomas (females) and undifferentiated sarcomas in the epididymis represented normal biological variations in incidence and were unrelated to nitrapyrin. Therefore, it was the SAG's opinion that nitrapyrin exposure that does not produce target organ toxicity in exposed individuals would not be expected to increase the risk of cancer.
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PMID:Nitrapyrin: a scientific advisory group review of the mode of action and carcinogenicity in B6C3F1 mice. 1836

A new series of unsymmetrical macrocyclic complexes of tin(ll) has been prepared by the template process using bis(3-oxo-2-butylidene)propane-1,3-diamine as precursor. This affords a method to synthesize these complexes with various ring sizes. The tetradentate macrocyclic precursor [N(4)mL] reacts with SnCl(2) and different diamines in a 1:1:1 molar ratio in refluxing methanol to give complexes of the type [Sn(N(4)mL)Cl(2)]. The ring expansion has been achieved by varying the diamine between the two diacetyl amino nitrogen atoms. The macrocyclic precursor and its metal complexes have been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, molar conductance, molecular weight determinations, IR, (1)H NMR,(13)C NMR, (119)Sn NMR and electronic spectral studies. An octahedral geometry around the metal ion is suggested for these complexes. On the basis of molecular weights and conductivity measurements, their monomeric and non-electrolytic nature has been confirmed. The precursor and complexes have been screened in vitro against a number of pathogenic fungi and bacteria to assess their growth inhibiting potential. The testicular sperm density and testicular sperm morphology, sperm motility, density of cauda epididymal spermatozoa and fertility in mating trails and biochemicals parameters of reproductive organs have been examined and discussed.
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PMID:Synthesis, Characterization and Antifertility Activity of New Unsymmetrical Macrocyclic Complexes of Tin(II). 1847 51

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities of an interesting class of biologically potent macrocyclic complexes have been carried out. All the complexes have been evaluated for their antimicrobial effects on different species of pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The testicular sperm density, testicular sperm morphology, sperm motility, density of cauda epididymal spermatozoa and fertility in mating trails and biochemical parameters of reproductive organs have been examined and discussed. The resulting biologically active [M(MaL(n))(R(2))]Cl(2) and [Pb(MaL(n))(R(2))X(2)] (where, M = Pd(II) or Pt(II) and X = Cl or NO(3)) type of complexes have been synthesized by the reactions of macrocyclic ligands (MaL(n)) with metal salts and different diamines in 1:1:1 molar ratio in methanol. Initially the complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, molecular weight determinations and conductivity measurements. The mode of bonding was established on the basis of IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, (195)Pt NMR, (207)Pb NMR, XRD and electronic spectral studies. The macrocyclic ligand coordinates through the four azomethine nitrogen atoms which are bridged by benzil moieties. IR spectra suggest that the pyridine nitrogen is not coordinating. The palladium and platinum complexes exhibit tetracoordinated square-planar geometry, whereas a hexacoordinated octahedral geometry is suggested for lead complexes.
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PMID:Antiandrogen and Antimicrobial Aspects of Coordination Compounds of Palladium(II), Platinum(II) and Lead(II). 1847 89

Computer-assisted sperm morphometry analysis (CASMA) was used in this study to identify sperm morphometric subpopulations in Iberian red deer epididymal sperm samples. Epididymal sperm samples were collected from 37 mature stags and were divided. One portion was diluted in a Tris-citrate-egg yolk medium. A microscope slide was prepared from single extended sperm samples prior to freezing. The remainder of each sample was frozen in nitrogen vapours using a conventional protocol. After thawing, sperm smears were prepared as described for extended samples. All slides were air-dried and stained with Hemacolor. The sperm-head dimensions for a minimum of 145 sperm-heads were analyzed from each sample by means of the Sperm-Class Analyser, and the mean measurements recorded. Each sperm-head was measured for four primary sperm-head parameters, and five parameters of head shape. All sperm morphometric parameters evaluated were placed in a statistical database and a multivariate cluster analysis was performed. The clustering analyses, based on 10 867 individual spermatozoa, revealed the existence of three subpopulations (SP(1), SP(2), SP(3)) of spermatozoa with different morphometric characteristics (p < 0.001). The proportion of spermatozoa present in any of the three subpopulations remained constant (p > 0.05) through the cryopreservation process. Pre-freeze and post-thaw sperm quality was in vitro evaluated by microscopic assessments of individual sperm motility and of plasma membrane and acrosome integrities. In conclusion, our results show that applying the CASMA techniques and multivariate cluster analyses, it was possible to determine that three subtle subpopulations of spermatozoa with different morphometric characteristics coexist in red deer semen.
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PMID:Identification of sperm-head morphometric subpopulations in iberian red deer epididymal sperm samples. 1899 78

Recently, there has been increased interest in ultra-rapid freezing with mammalian spermatozoa, especially for vitrification in the absence of cryoprotectants. Sperm cryopreservation in non-human primates has been successful, but the use of frozen-thawed sperm in standard artificial insemination (AI) remains difficult, and removal of permeable cryoprotectant may offer opportunities for increased AI success. The present study intended to explore the possibility of freezing rhesus monkey sperm in the absence of permeable cryoprotectants. Specifically, we evaluated various factors such as presence or absence of egg yolk, the percentage of egg yolk in the extenders, and the effect of cooling and thawing rate on the success of freezing without permeable cryoprotectants. Findings revealed that freezing with TEST in the absence of egg yolk offers little protection (<15% post-thaw motility). Egg yolk of 40% or more in TEST resulted in decreased motility, while egg yolk in the range of 20-30% yielded the most motile sperm. Cooling at a slow rate (29 degrees C/min) reduced post-thaw motility significantly for samples frozen with TEST-yolk alone, but had no effect for controls in the presence of glycerol. Similarly, slow thawing in room temperature air is detrimental for freezing without permeable cryoprotectant (<2% motility). In addition to motility, the ability of sperm to capacitate based on an increase in intracellular calcium levels upon activation with cAMP and caffeine suggested no difference between fresh and frozen-thawed motile sperm, regardless of treatment. In summary, the present study demonstrates that ejaculated and epididymal sperm from rhesus monkeys can be cryopreserved with TEST-yolk (20%) in the absence of permeable cryoprotectant when samples were loaded in a standard 0.25-mL straw, cooled rapidly in liquid nitrogen vapor at 220 degrees C/min, and thawed rapidly in a 37 degrees C water bath. This study also represents the first success of freezing without permeable cryoprotectant in non-human primates.
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PMID:Rhesus monkey sperm cryopreservation with TEST-yolk extender in the absence of permeable cryoprotectant. 1899 34


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