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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plerocercoids of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides, produce a potent growth stimulating substance which is active in several species of mammals. While most of the actions of the plerocercoid growth factor (PGF) are similar to those of growth hormone (GH), lipid metabolism is one area where their actions are not alike. This report demonstrates that plerocercoid infection not only stimulates growth of intact male hamsters but is lipogenic as well. The lipogenic effects of plerocercoid infection were demonstrated by increases in epididymal fat pad weights, serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and total lipid. The livers of the plerocercoid-infected hamsters also had more cholesterol and more lipid phosphorus than controls. Incorporation studies using [2-14C]acetate showed that infected hamsters incorporated significantly higher levels of the radionuclide in their livers and serum after 1 hr than the controls. The lipogenic effect of plerocercoid infection is distinctly unlike the reported lipolytic action of GH and the lack of any stimulation of [2-14C]acetate incorporation into the epididymal fat pads is unlike the reported acute actions of insulin as well.
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PMID:A lipogenic effect in intact male hamsters infected with plerocercoids of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides. 88 6

1. The effect of stimulation or inhibition of active Na-K transport on [(3)H]ouabain binding has been investigated in isolated soleus muscles and adipocytes.2. In rat soleus muscle, the ouabain-sensitive component of (42)K influx was stimulated by insulin (100 m-u/ml.), adrenaline (6 x 10(-6)M), and by pre-incubation with veratrine (10(-5)M) or in a K-free buffer. In all of these instances, the rate of ouabain binding was increased by 41-113%. Conversely, pre-treatment with tetracaine (0.2 mM) decreased the (42)K-influx and diminished the rate of [(3)H]ouabain binding by 36%.3. Neither insulin, adrenaline or tetracaine produced any detectable change in the total number of ouabain-binding sites (as measured under equilibrium conditions) in rat soleus muscle.4. In mouse and guinea-pig soleus muscle and in fat cells isolated from rats, insulin also increased the rate of [(3)H]ouabain binding without producing any significant change in the total number of ouabain-binding sites.5. Both in soleus muscle and the epididymal fat pad of the rat, there was a linear correlation between (42)K influx and the initial rate of [(3)H]ouabain binding.6. It is concluded that the rate of ouabain binding is determined significantly by the rate of active Na-K transport, but within the time intervals studied (4-6 hr) stimulation or inhibition of the Na pump does not lead to any appreciable change in the total number of Na pumps. It seems unlikely that the stimulation of active Na-K transport by insulin or adrenaline is due to unmasking or de novo synthesis of Na pumps.
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PMID:Active Na-K transport and the rate of ouabain binding. The effect of insulin and other stimuli on skeletal muscle and adipocytes. 90

In vitro glucose-14C uptake by the epididymal adipose tissue was studied in young rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR), in rats with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, and in control rats with normal pressure. Some of the animals were subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy one week before the study. Rats with either type of hypertension and intact adrenals did not differ from the controls in the intensity of glucose-14C uptake by the adipose tissue both with and without stimulation of its transmembranous tranport with insulin. Adrenalectomy revealed that the response of the adipose tissue to insulin in rats with hypertension differed from that in the controls. In the control animals adrenalectomy causes marked decrease in insulin "sensitivity" of the fat cells, whereas in adrenalectomized rats with hypertension the level of glucose-14C in stimulation of its transport with insulin does not change. The results of the study testify to qualitative changes in the membranes of the fat cells in rats with chronic arterial hypertension and may be proof of extensive alteration of the cell membranes in this disease.
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PMID:[Characteristics of glucose absorption by the adipose tissue in renal and spontaneous hypertension in rats]. 92 52

Gonadal hormones affect body composition, food intake, weight gain and serum lipids in numerous species including man. In this study, mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were castrated or sham-operated at 16 weeks of age. During the 6-week observation period with weekly records of food intake and weight gain, these parameters were significantly lower in the castrated group. The decrease in food intake in this group could not account for the difference in body weight between the groups, indicating a lower feed utilisation in the castrates. At sacrifice accessory reproductive organs, the levator ani muscle, thymus and adrenals were dissected for determination of organ weight and histology, revealing significant reductions in the accessory reproductive organs and levator ani of the castrates. The thymus was significantly heavier in the castrated animals. No differences were found in the adrenals. Two of the sham-operated animals had signs of accidental functional castration. The proportion of body cell mass and total lipid of the carcass was the same in both groups. Significant reductions in adipocyte weights were found in the epididymal depots of the castrated rats. Blood samples taken at sacrifice in pentobarbital anaesthesia were analysed for glucose, insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, FFA, glycerol and protein. Statistically significant reductions in triglycerides and protein were recorded in the castrated animals without any significant changes in the other parameters studied. The results are discussed with reference to the age of castration and the importance of the reduced food intake in castrated animals.
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PMID:The effects of castration on body composition, adipose tissue cellularity and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in adult male rats. 94 53

1. The regulation of the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (EC 4.1.1.32) in epididymal adipose tissue, liver and kidney in vivo was studied immunochemically. 2. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) synthesis in adipose tissue is increased by starvation, diabetes and noradrenaline, and decreased by re-feeding and insulin. These changes were also seen in adrenalectomized rats and are qualitatively similar to those observed for the liver enzyme. This indicates the involvement of cyclic AMP as an inducer and insulin as a de-inducer in the regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) in both tissues. (Induction and de-induction are defined as selective increase and decrease respectively in the rate of enzyme synthesis, regardless of the mechanism involved.)3. Adrenalectomy had little effect on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) synthesis in liver and kidney, but increased the synthesis rate of the adipose-tissue enzyme. Starvation and adrenalectomy had additive effects in increasing the synthesis rate of adipose-tissue phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP). In adrenalectomized diabetic rats glucocorticoids increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) synthesis in liver and kidney while decreasing enzyme synthesis in adipose tissue. De-induction of adipose tissue phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) is therefore regulated independently by glucocorticoids and insulin. 4. Although liver, kidney and adipose-tissue phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinases (GTP) are seemingly identical, there is an apparent tissue-specific differentiation in regulatory systems for the enzyme.
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PMID:Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) in adipose tissue in vivo by glucocorticoids and insulin. 96 85

Fat cells isolated from rat epididymal adipose tissue were incubated with albumin-bound [14C]palmitate. Incorporation of 14C into 14CO2 and glycerides was measured. Some evidence is presented to suggest that the exogenous palmitate pool is in isotopic equilibrium with intracellular precursors for these metabolic processes. Precautions were taken to minimize dilution of the exogenous palmitate pool by fatty acids released from the cells. 14CO2 production from [1-14C]palmitate was 3 times that from [16-14C]palmitate. Octanoate increased this differential oxidation of palmitate carbons and also inhibited palmitate oxidation without similarly affecting esterification. Glucose increases palmitate esterification in cells from fed or starved rats. Insulin potentiated this effect of glucose. Glucose influenced palmitate oxidation in a more complex manner, dependent upon the glucose concentration. Both the observation that esterification constitutes 99% of the metabolic flux of fatty acid and the manner in which glucose, insulin, or starvation influence palmitate esterification and oxidation suggested that factors controlling esterification may alter oxidation as a secondary effect, but not vice versa. It is suggested that oxidation and esterification compete for a single intracellular precursor, possibly extramitochondrial long chain fatty acyl CoA.
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PMID:Factors affecting fatty acid oxidation in fat cells isolated from rat white adipose tissue. 96 42

Alloxan diabetes and injections of hydrocortisone into intact animals for 5-7 days resulted in a sharp decrease of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase in rat epididymal adipose tissue. Combined injection of insulin and hydrocortisone did not produce the decrease of the enzyme activity. Insulin injections into alloxan diabetic rats recovered the activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase up to the control. Pyruvate kinase activity was decreased under diabetes, and insulin injections produced further decrease of the enzyme activity in diabetic rats. Activities of lactate dehydrogenase and NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase were less decreased under diabetes. Comparison of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes spectrum in adipose tissue of normal and diabetic rats revealed a considerable increase of LDH-1 and a decrease of LDH-4 under diabetes. Insulin injections greatly normalized LDH isoenzyme spectrum.
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PMID:[Antagonism in the action of hydrocortisone and insulin in vivo on enzymes of pyruvate and malate metabolism in adipose tissue]. 97 79

The uptake and utilization of [1-14C]glycerol was determined in pieces of rat epididymal fat-pads incubated in Krebs--Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing albumin. Insulin (200 muunits/ml), adrenaline (epinephrine; 0.5 mug/ml) and glucose (0, 5, 15 and 20 mM) were added to the medium. Changes in the specific radioactivity of the tracer during the incubation were taken into account in calculating the rate of glycerol utilization. Adrenaline decreased glycerol uptake, whereas insulin plus adrenaline increased it. The rate of incorporation of glycerol into glycerides was decreased by adrenaline and insulin, singly or together. Insulin increased the rate of formation of CO2 and fatty acids from glycerol. The formation of CO2 and fatty acids was further enhanced by insulin plus adrenaline. The decrease in glycerol uptake induced by adrenaline, the decrease in incorporation of glycerol into glycerides induced by insulin and insulin plus adrenaline and the synthesis of fatty acids were dependent on the presence of glucose in the medium. Thus insulin and adrenaline act on glycerol utilization in adipose tissue and some of their effects are mediated by action on glucose metabolism, but others are independent of this.
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PMID:The effect of glucose, insulin and adrenaline on glycerol metabolism in vitro in rat adipose tissue. 98 22

In patients with chronic pancreatitis a decrease in insulin activity of blood was observed. The activity was tested using preparations of diaphragm and epididymal fat of rats. Reaction of the insulin activity of blood, after loading with glucose, secretine and pancreosimine, was also decreased. The phenomenon was probably important for development of decreased tolerance to carbohydrates, which was observed in patients with chronic pancreatitis. In blood serum of the patients no effect of inhibition of the insulin activity could be observed by means of influence of insulin on lipolysis in epididymal rat adipose tissue. The data obtained suggest that in chronic pancreatitis the leading role in development of carbohydrate metabolism impairements belonged to the quantitative insufficiency of insulin, but not to the qualitative alterations in blood serum, where the ability to inhibite the insulin activity appeared.
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PMID:[Insulin activity of the blood, the action on it of various loads and the effect of blood serum on the effect of insulin relative to fatty tissue in chronic pancreatitis]. 111 16

Insulin-like material prepared from insulin-Sepharose stimulates glucose oxidation by isolated diaphragm of C57Bl/6J ob/ob mice, but insulin does not. This material is much more effective than insulin on epididymal fat tissue from these mice. Insulin-like material and insulin are equipotent on the corresponding tissues from lean littermates.
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PMID:Insulin-unresponsive tissues respond to superactive insulin-like material. 117 Jun 38


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