Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In non-obese but diabetic 15-week-old KK mice which showed fatty liver histopathologically, the content of liver lipids and the levels of blood glucose and plasma IRI were greater than those in the control ICR mice of the same age and were quite similar to those in GTG-obese mice. In 6-week-old KK mice which excreted no glycosuria and showed normal hepatic tissues, only plasma IRI level was slightly elevated as compared with that in the control mice. The cyclic 3',5'-AMP stimulators like epinephrine and theophylline exerted far less potent stimulatory effects on lipolytic activity in 6-week-old KK mice than in the control mice, as in diabetic 15-week-old KK mice and GTG-obese mice. Theophylline potentiated the lipolytic effect of epinephrine lineraly in KK mice, the tendency being different from that in the control mice, and only the submaximal rate was obtained. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of theophylline on PDE from the epididymal adipose tissue was less potent in 6-week-old KK mice than in healthy ICR mice of the same age.
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PMID:Effects of epinephrine and theophylline on lipolytic response in hereditary diabetic mice. 18 66

The effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), oligomycin and theophylline on the in vitro production and metabolism of glycerol and its response to insulin and epinephrine were studied in epididymal fat pads from fed rats. 2-DG failed to affect basal or epinephrine stimulated glycerol production but it decreased the uptake of 1-14 C-glycerol by the tissue and its conversion to glyceride-glycerol. Oligomycin also failed to affect the basal production of glycerol but it inhibited the effect of epinephrine on this parameter as well as the uptake and utilization of 1-14-C-glycerol. Theophylline enhanced the production of glycerol by the tissue and this effect was not further augmented by epinephrine. Theophyline also inhibited the uptake and utilization of 1-14C-glycerol; the most pronounced effect of theophylline was observed in the formation of 14C-fatty acids from 1-14C-glycerol in the presence of glucose. Insulin, but not epinephrine, decreased the inhibitory effect of theophylline on glycerol utilization. It is concluded that these compounds affect more intensely the ability of adipose tissue to metabolize glycerol than to release it through lipolysis. The pathway for glycerol utilization in adipose tissue appears to be more sensitive to changes in the availability of ATP than the mechanisms responsible for the release of glycerol from the tissue.
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PMID:Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, oligomycin and theophylline on in vitro glycerol metabolism in rat adipose tissue: response to insulin and epinephrine. 124 87

Six newly-synthetized 7-N-basically substituted xanthine derivatives were studied for inhibitory action on phosphodiesterase with high Km in homogenates from brain, lung and epididymal fatty tissue. Theophylline is used for comparative purposes. The effect of part of the compounds on lipolysis in vivo is also studied. Some of the newly-synthetized compounds are found to manifest a marked ability to inhibit the enzyme studied in brain and lung homogenates, and compound with code V has equal action to that of theophylline. The newly-synthetized compounds are poor inhibitors of the enzyme in epididymal fatty tissue, unlike theophylline which demonstrates the same inhibitory capacity as in the other homogenates. These data correlate with the results obtained when studying lipolysis. Theophylline in a dose of 50 mg/kg i. p. increases twice the serum content of the free fatty acids, while the newly-synthetized compounds have no effect on it, even when applied in high doses.
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PMID:Influence of newly-synthetized xanthine derivatives on phosphodiesterase with high Km in homogenates of different organs and on lipolysis in vivo. 626 52

Mechanical responses to noradrenaline (NA) were investigated in the rat vas deferens exposed to Ca-free solution containing 0.5 mM-EGTA. A tonic response was produced in Ca-free solution at the epididymal portion, while almost no response could be observed at the prostatic portion. In most experiments NA (10(-4) M) was applied for 4 min, every 20 min. The absolute tension development in Ca-free solution was usually 60-80% of the control tonic response in the presence of 2.4 mM-Ca. The response could be produced repeatedly, even after exposure to Ca-free solution for more than 20 hr, without a significant decrease. During the first hour of exposure to Ca-free solution, the rate of rise and the magnitude of the NA contraction increased and then remained constant, though the relaxation became slow. Transient treatment with 2.4 mM-Ca slightly suppressed the subsequent NA response in Ca-free solution. Similarly, the NA response was smaller during readmission of 0.2-0.5 mM-Ca than that obtained before Ca readmission. A high concentration of verapamil (2 X 10(-4) M) reversibly reduced the NA response by about 70% after 30 min. Theophylline (10 mM) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10(-4) M) also reversibly suppressed the NA response, the suppression being about 80%. None of these substances produced a tension change by themselves. The suppressing effect may be mediated via an increase of intracellular cyclic AMP which reduces phosphorylation of myosin. Caffeine (10 mM) and dibutyryl cyclic GMP (10(-4) M) had similar but much weaker effects than theophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. A calmodulin antagonist, N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene sulphonamide (W-7) slowly reduced the NA response. The block was nearly complete after 30 min treatment with 3 X 10(-4) M-W-7, and the recovery was very poor after prolonged exposure. This effect of W-7, which is the same in the presence and absence of Ca, suggests that a Ca-calmodulin reaction is involved in the NA response in Ca-free solution. Fluoride at a concentration higher than 3 mM increased the muscle tone in the absence of external Ca, and transiently potentiated the NA response. In the presence of F-, the relaxation of the NA response was incomplete and the muscle tone increased stepwise after each NA application. When the muscle tone became higher than the NA response in the absence of F-, the NA response was abolished. The action of several metabolic inhibitors (2,4-dinitrophenol, carbonylcyanide chlorophenyl hydrazone, NaCN, monoiodoacetate) was similar to that of F-, suggesting that they release Ca from mitochondria, causing tension development. The observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the contraction of the vas deferens caused by NA in the absence of external Ca depends on the availability of intracellular Ca, stored in mitochondria and released by NA.
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PMID:Mechanical response to noradrenaline in calcium-free solution in the rat vas deferens. 630 44

Initiation of forward motility in vitro was investigated in goat and ram spermatozoa obtained from the rete testis. No forward motility was generated in the immotile testicular spermatozoa when they were incubated in a modified Ringer's solution containing theophylline (30 mM) and epididymal plasma (2 mg protein/ml). However, these reagents induced non-progressive flagellar movement in approximately 25% of spermatozoa. Bicarbonate (25 mM) induced forward motility in approximately 16% of the goat/ram testicular spermatozoa. Theophylline was essential for the bicarbonate-mediated activation of sperm motility, but epididymal plasma had no significant effect on this activation process. Theophylline activated progressive motility in testicular spermatozoa in a dose-dependent manner, the maximum effect occurring after incubation for 10 min with 30 mM theophylline. The initiation profile of in-vitro motility of goat/ram spermatozoa from the caput epididymis closely resembled that of testicular spermatozoa except that induction of motility in the caput spermatozoa was dependent both on bicarbonate and epididymal plasma. The data indicate that, unlike caput epididymal spermatozoa, initiation of motility in testicular spermatozoa is not dependent on motility-promoting protein(s) in epididymal plasma.
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PMID:In-vitro initiation of forward motility in testicular spermatozoa. 873 40

The concentrations of cAMP, cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity, and the effect of theophylline in vitro on the forward motility (FM) of maturing goat epididymal sperm have been analyzed. cAMP levels increase slowly during transit of the cells from the caput to the proximal cauda, although they acquired a minimal degree of forward progression. The last phase of sperm transit (proximal to distal cauda) was associated with a concomitant sharp rise in the level of both cAMP as well as flagellar motility. PDE activity progressively decreased (approximately threefold) during epididymal maturation, being minimal in mature cauda sperm. Theophylline (30 mM), a specific inhibitor of PDE, markedly activated (10-fold or greater) motility of the sperm derived from proximal-corpus, mid-corpus, distal-corpus, and proximal-cauda epididymides. FM of the native mature caudal sperm was similar to that of the theophylline-treated proximal-cauda sperm. The terminal stage of sperm maturity (proximal to distal cauda) was associated with a markedly reduced level of theophylline-dependent motility activation (approximately 50%). The data are consistent with the view that PDE plays an important role in the initiation of motility during epididymal sperm maturation.
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PMID:Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase: a regulator of forward motility initiation during epididymal sperm maturation. 901 74

Theophylline (THP) and 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) are thought to induce infertility by incapacitating the nurturing Sertoli cells and causing germ cell apoptosis in the testicular seminiferous epithelium, respectively. We hypothesized that THP and DNB exposure would alter the expression of the genes within the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP), implicated in spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm quality control. Rats were fed 0 or 8000 ppm of THP and necropsied on Days 18, 30, and 42 or administered 0, 2, or 6 mg/kg DNB via oral gavage and necropsied on Day 7. Tissues were collected from the testis and the caput, corpus, and cauda regions of the epididymis for transcriptional profiling by semiquantitative RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR, and histopathology. Target UPP genes included those encoding for constitutive the 20S proteasomal core subunits Psmb1 (beta1), Psmb2 (beta2), and Psmb5 (beta5); the inducible 20S core subunits Psmb9 (LMP2), Psmb8 (LMP7), and Psmb10 (LMP10); and Ube1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1), Ube2d3 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2), and Uchl1 (ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase PGP9.5). Spermatozoa were collected from the cauda epididymis for analysis by light microscopy and flow cytometric evaluation of sperm surface ubiquitin. These data show that reprotoxic exposure alters the tissue-specific expression of UPP genes in the testis and epididymis, which may contribute to the aberrant spermatogenesis and epididymal processing of both normal and defective spermatozoa. Transcriptional profiling and flow cytometric analysis of the UPP thus captures the prodromal effects of reproductive toxicity not captured by conventional histology and functional cytology. Complementing seminal analysis with these measures may be useful in screening drug-induced toxicity or environmental infertility.
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PMID:Differential expression of genes encoding constitutive and inducible 20S proteasomal core subunits in the testis and epididymis of theophylline- or 1,3-dinitrobenzene-exposed rats. 1698 15