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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In patients with chronic pancreatitis a decrease in insulin activity of blood was observed. The activity was tested using preparations of diaphragm and epididymal fat of rats. Reaction of the insulin activity of blood, after loading with glucose, secretine and pancreosimine, was also decreased. The phenomenon was probably important for development of decreased tolerance to carbohydrates, which was observed in patients with chronic pancreatitis. In blood serum of the patients no effect of inhibition of the insulin activity could be observed by means of influence of insulin on lipolysis in epididymal rat adipose tissue. The data obtained suggest that in chronic pancreatitis the leading role in development of carbohydrate metabolism impairements belonged to the quantitative insufficiency of insulin, but not to the qualitative alterations in blood serum, where the ability to inhibite the insulin activity appeared.
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PMID:[Insulin activity of the blood, the action on it of various loads and the effect of blood serum on the effect of insulin relative to fatty tissue in chronic pancreatitis]. 111 16

The free acids of the plasma lipid-lowering agents, halofenate and clofibrate inhibited the incorporation of radioactive glucose and pyruvate into fatty acids of isolated adipocytes prepared from rat epididymal fat pads. The concentration which inhibited fatty acid synthesis was dependent on the bovine serum albumin concentration in the incubation. The 50 per cent inhibitory concentration of the free acid of halofenate in 1 per cent, 2 percent and 4 per cent albumin was 0.9 mM, 2.3 MM and 4.4 mM, respectively. The potency of clofibrate was also lowered by increasing the albumin concentration. These compounds inhibited the uptake of both [14C]glucose and [14C]pyruvate to the same degree as the incorporation of these substrates into fatty acids. However, the drugs either had no effect on , or stimulated the uptake of palmitate by the cells. Leucine accumulation by the adipocytes was unaffected by halofenate (free acid) and inhibited by clofibrate (free acid). A comparison of these agents with (minus)-hydroxycitrate, kynurenate and cerulenin (inhibitors of ATP-citrate lyase, acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase, respectively) on the oxidation of pyruvate suggested that they inhibited pyruvate metabolism at or near the enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase.
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PMID:Effect of halofenate and clofibrate on lipid synthesis in rat adipocytes. 112 Jan 40

The fat cells of rat epididymal adipose tissue contain an average of 0.5 mg of cholesterol per gram of triglyceride. Of this cholesterol, 90% is nonesterified and 80% is located in the lipid storage compartment. The fat cell cholesterol content correlated positively with cell size. During fasting the free cholesterol of the adipocyte decreased in parallel with triglyceride, whereas the amount of esterified cholesterol did not change. The fat cell cholesterol content is independent of the amount of dietary cholesterol. On in vitro incubation of rat fat cells with radiolabeled acetate, mevalonate, glucose, leucine, or water, labeled cholesterol was synthesized. The rate of cholesterol synthesis increased with fat cell size. Fasting suppressed cholesterol synthesis by 90%, whereas refeeding stimulated the synthesis above values found in normally fed rats. Stimulation of lipolysis with theophylline or with dibutyryl cyclic AMP markedly inhibited cholesterol synthesis in fat cells. Insulin increased the incorporation of glucose and leucine into fat cell cholesterol. The cholesterol synthesis in fat cells was not suppressed by a high cholesterol diet. Addition of very low or low density lipoprotein into the incubation medium suppressed fat cell cholesterol synthesis whereas high density lipoprotein did not. The lipoprotein-free serum stimulated cholesterol synthesis compared with serum-free medium. The rate of cholesterol synthesis in total adipose tissue of rat was estimated to be 4% of that in the liver. It seems unlikely that the increased body cholesterol turnover present in obesity is accounted for by the enhanced cholesterol formation in the enlarged adipose tissue.
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PMID:Regulation of cholesterol synthesis and storage in fat cells. 112 58

After unilateral separation of the rat epididymis from the testis, the metabolism of various substrates in vitro by tissue from the attached and separated caput and cauda epididymidis at 7 and 28 days after surgery was determined by radiorespirometry. Hourly collections of 14-CO2 were made during 5-hr incubations. The patterns of 14-CO2 evolution from glucose indicated that most of the metabolic activity followed the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic and the Krebs cycle respiration pathways. The alteration of the rate of glycolysis was always greater than that of respiration. In all samples, the metabolism of (2-14C) glucose was approximately equal to that of (6-14C) glucose (G-6)and less than that of (1-14C) glucose (G-1). Pentose cycle activity was indicated in all tissues from the caput and cauda epididymidis by the preferential utilization of G-1 over G-6. At 7 and 28 days after surgery, respectively, the G-1:G-6 ratios of 14-CO2 evolution after incubation for 2 hr were 9.75 and 7.79 for the separated caput, 5.17 and 2.66 for the intact caput, 3.11 and 2.52 for the separated cauda and 3.73 and 2.84 for the attached cauda epididymidis. Although epididymal separation did not effect the metabolism of (U-14C) glucose or (U-14C) fructose, glucose appeared to be a more important epididymal substrate than fructose.
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PMID:Epididymal carbohydrate metabolism. III. Metabolism of the caput and cauda epididymidis after separation from the testis in the rat. 112 44

1. Administration of methoxyindole 2-carboxylic acid to rats caused an increase in circulating free fatty acids which was associated with rapid hypoglycemia in fasted rats and liver glycogenolysis without hypoglycemia in fed rats. 2. The incorporation of labeled glucose, pyruvate and acetate carbons into triacylglycerol-glycerol, triacylglycerol-fatty acids and CO2 was inhibited in epididymal fat pads from methoxyindole 2-carboxylic acid-treated rats and by the addition of methoxyindole 2-carboxylic acid in vitro. In contrast, palmitate esterification and oxidation were enhanced by methoxyindole 2-carboxylic acid. 3. The activity of enzymes associated with fatty acid synthesis was reduced to a varying degree in the presence of methoxyindole 2-carboxylic acid in the reaction mixture in concentrations lower than those used to inhibit glucose and pyruvate metabolism in the intact tissue in vitro. 4. 4-Pentenoic acid, a potent inhibitor of pyruvate and palmitate metabolism in the liver, was considerably less effective in adipose tissue. 5. The effect of the two hypoglycemic substances investigated on adipose tissue metabolism seems to be different.
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PMID:Effect of methoxyindole 2-carboxylic acid and 4-pentenoic acid on adipose tissue metabolism. 113 99

In vitro fertilization of rat and mouse eggs by ejaculated or epididymal spermatozoa in chemically defined media was studied. Penetration rates by ejaculated sperm was very low (0 to 8%) in the rat, but 11 to 41% of eggs were penetrated by ejaculated sperm in the mouse. The optimal concentration of sperm for in vitro fertilization appears to be similar whether ejaculated or epididymal sperm were used. The time of sperm penetration in the mouse eggs, however, was delayed for one-half to one hour when ejaculated sperm were used. The importance of sodium pyruvate, sodium lactate and glucose in the medium containing bovine serum albumin for in vitro fertilization of rat eggs was examined. When rat eggs in cumulus clot were exposed to epididymal sperm preincubated for five hours, the presence of sodium pyruvate, sodium lactate and glucose was found to play an important role. When exposed to non-incubated epididymal sperm sodium pyruvate could be omitted without much decline of the fertilization rate. When the denuded eggs were exposed to non-incubated sperm, penetration rates were very low (0 and 5%) in the absence of pyruvate. It appears that although lactate, pyruvate and glucose are all important for in vitro fertilization of rat eggs, pyruvate can be supplied by the follicular cells surrounding the eggs.
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PMID:In vitro fertilization of rat and mouse eggs by ejaculated sperm and the effect of energy sources on in vitro fertilization of rat eggs. 114 44

Isolated adipocytes were prepared from epididymal adipose tissues removed from rats which had been fed or starved for 48 h (fed adipocytes or fasted adipocytes). These cells were incubated at 37 degrees C for 90 min in media containing 0, 3, or 30 mM glucose, with or without norepinephrine (1.0 mug/ml). Then the concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) and free glycerol (FG) in the total mixture (medium plus cells) and in the medium alone were measured. Addition of glucose to the medium increased the total PG, presumably by increasing the basal lipolysis, and it decreased the intracellular retention ratio of FG (the ratio of intracellular FG to total FG). Addition of glucose did not change the total FFA, but decreased the FFA/FG ratio, presumably by increasing reesterification. The increase in FG and decrease in the FFA/FG ratio on addition of glucose were greater in fed than in fasted adipocytes. The intracellular retention ratio of FFA also decreased on addition of glucose. Glucose enhanced norepinephrine-induced lipolysis (release of free glycerol), and this effect of glucose was greater in fasted adipocytes. However, the increase in FFA in fasted adipocytes induced by norepinephrine was not altered by addition of glucose. In fed adipocytes norepinephrine decreased the total FFA in the presence of glucose. Reesterification of FFA following norepinephrine was increased by addition of glucose. Norepinephrine decreased the intracellular retention ratios of FG and FFA in the presence of glucose. These results suggest that the passage of the lipolytic products, FFA and FG, through the cell membranes may not occur by simple diffusion, but may require energy.
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PMID:Effect of glucose on lipolysis and on release of lipolytic products in isolated adipocytes. 114 32

1. An experiment was done with rats (body-weight 160 g) to study the effects on fat metabolism and body composition of low (10 g/kg)- or high (140 g/kg)- fat diets fed as one meal for one 4 h period/d (meal-feeders) or as six spaced meals/d (nibblers). The daily energy intake/unit metabolic body-weight (body-weight 0.73) was the same for all four groups, and this level of intake was about 80% of that consumed by rats allowed unrestricted access to the low-fat diet. The experimental period was 76 d. 2. Rats given the high-fat diet deposited more body fat/d and, as a result, grew faster and were energetically more efficient than rats given the low-fat diet depressed de novo lipogenesis from glucose in epididymal and perirenal fat pads, whose fatty acid composition resembled that of the diet. 3. For both diets meal-feeders had greater stomach plus small intestine weights than nibblers and had higher plasma free fatty acid levels, when they were killed 15 h after their last meal. 4. Meal-feeders given the low-fat diet had the greatest rate of lipogenesis for fat pads. 5. Meal-feeders given the high-fat deposited less of the main dietary fatty acids in their fat pads. 6. There was no evidence that meal-feeders eating a high-fat diet adapt their metabolism completely that they become more efficient utlizers than those nibbling this diet. Meal-feeders eating the low-fat diet became no fatter than nibblers of this diet, possibly because they were eating less than their daily ad lib. intake.
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PMID:The influence of dietary fat on fat metabolism and body fat deposition in meal-feeding and nibbling rats. 114 52

Insulin-like material prepared from insulin-Sepharose stimulates glucose oxidation by isolated diaphragm of C57Bl/6J ob/ob mice, but insulin does not. This material is much more effective than insulin on epididymal fat tissue from these mice. Insulin-like material and insulin are equipotent on the corresponding tissues from lean littermates.
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PMID:Insulin-unresponsive tissues respond to superactive insulin-like material. 117 Jun 38

1. Effects of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and alpha-cyanocinnamate on a number of enzymes involved in pyruvate metabolism have been investigated. Little or no inhibition was observed of any enzyme at concentrations that inhibit completely mitochondrial pyruvate transport. At much higher concentrations (1 mM) some inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase was apparent. 2. Alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (1-100 muM) specifically inhibited pyruvate oxidation by mitochondria isolated from rat heart, brain, kidney and from blowfly flight muscle; oxidation of other substrates in the presence or absence of ADP was not affected. Similar concentrations of the compound also inhibited the carboxylation of pyruvate by rat liver mitochondria and the activation by pyruvate of pyruvate dehydrogenase in fat-cell mitochondria. These findings imply that pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate carboxylase are exposed to mitochondrial matrix concentrations of pyruvate rather than to cytoplasmic concentrations. 3. Studies with whole-cell preparations incubated in vitro indicate that alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate or alpha-cyanocinnamate (at concentrations below 200 muM) can be used to specifically inhibit mitochondrial pyruvate transport within cells and thus alter the metabolic emphasis of the preparation. In epididymal fat-pads, fatty acid synthesis from glucose and fructose, but not from acetate, was markedly inhibited. No changes in tissue ATP concentrations were observed. The effects on fatty acid synthesis were reversible. In kidney-cortex slices, gluconeogenesis from pyruvate and lactate but not from succinate was inhibited. In the rat heart perfused with medium containing glucose and insulin, addition of alpha-cyanocinnamate (200 muM) greatly increased the output and tissue concentrations of lactate plus pyruvate but decreased the lactate/pyruvate ratio. 4. The inhibition by cyanocinnamate derivatives of pyruvate transport across the cell membrane of human erythrocytes requires much higher concentrations of the derivatives than the inhibition of transport across the mitochondrial membrane. Alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate appears to enter erythrocytes on the cell-membrane pyruvate carrier. Entry is not observed in the presence of albumin, which may explain the small effects when these compounds are injected into whole animals.
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PMID:The specificity and metabolic implications of the inhibition of pyruvate transport in isolated mitochondria and intact tissue preparations by alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and related compounds. 117 87


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