Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The functional state of interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) was examined in rats fed for 20-30 d a high protein, carbohydrate-free diet [70% (wt/wt) protein, 8% fat] or a balanced diet (66% carbohydrate, 17% protein, 8% fat). In rats fed the high protein diet, body weight did not differ from that of control rats, but relative IBAT weight (grams per 100 g body wt) and lipid concentration (per gram of tissue) were 37% and 14% lower, respectively. In vivo rates of lipogenesis in IBAT, epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue of rats fed the high protein diet were 20, 30 and 40%, respectively, of control values. Mitochondrial protein and cytochrome oxidase activity per total IBAT were significantly lower in rats fed the high protein diet than in controls; GDP binding was lower even when expressed per total tissue or per milligram of mitochondrial protein. The increase of IBAT temperature following norepinephrine infusion was significantly smaller than in controls. It is suggested that the decrease in IBAT capacity in the rats fed the high protein diet was due, at least in part, to a sustained reduction of sympathetic activity.
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PMID:Thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue is reduced in rats fed a high protein, carbohydrate-free diet. 133 80

1. Primary monolayer cultures from adult human epididymis were grown on Petri dishes and previous supports. The epithelia so formed were used for whole-cell patch clamp recording and short-circuit current (ISC) measurement. 2. After 50 days of culture, the cells formed a tight epithelium with transepithelial potential of 5.5 +/- 1.3 mV (mean +/- S.E.M.., n = 16), apical side negative, and a basal ISC of 6.9 +/- 0.9 microA cm-2 (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 16). 3. Adrenaline, when added to the basolateral side, at a concentration of 0.23 mumol l-1 increased the ISC by 3.0 +/- 1.2 microA cm-2 (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 4). This increase was blockable by diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC, 1 mmol l-1). Forskolin (10 mumol l-1) also evoked a similar response to adrenaline. 4. In whole-cell patch clamp experiment, the resting membrane potential of the cells after dialysis with pipette solution containing 135 mmol l-1 KCl was found to be -30 +/- 14 mV (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 15). 5. About 90% of the cells successfully forming patches responded to 1 mumol l-1 adrenaline by an increase in inward current at -70 mV holding potential (delta I = -1600 +/- 900 pA, mean +/- S.E.M., n = 15). This increase in current was accompanied by a shift in reversal potential to -2 +/- 1 mV (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 15). 6. The adrenaline-induced inward current was found to be blockable by the Cl- channel blocker, DPC (0.25 mmol l-1). Ion substitution experiments showed that the adrenaline-evoked current was carried mainly by Cl-. 7. The effect of adrenaline on the whole-cell current was found to be mimicked by forskolin and could be abolished by including GDP beta S or a protein kinase A inhibitor in the pipette solution. Propranolol, but not phentolamine, completely abolished the effect of adrenaline. 8. Inclusion of 20 mmol l-1 EGTA or 2 mmol l-1 BAPTA + 100 mumol l-1 TMB-8 (to inhibit intracellular Ca2+ release) in the pipette did not seem to have any marked effect on adrenaline-evoked whole-cell current. Lowering the pipette Ca2+ concentration to 1 nmol l-1 or raising it to 10 mumol l-1 had no effect on the whole-cell current response to adrenaline. 9. This study shows that adrenaline stimulates Cl- secretion in cultured human epididymal cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Electrophysiological studies of anion secretion in cultured human epididymal cells. 136 44

Effects of guanine nucleotides on glucose transport were studied in permeabilized rat epididymal fat cells. GTP gamma S and Gpp(NH)p, but not App(NH)p, stimulated 3-O-methylglucose transport. Effect of GTP gamma S was dose-dependent, being detectable at 0.1 mM, and 1.0 mM GTP gamma S stimulated glucose transport to the same extent as insulin. GTP gamma S (0.3 mM) enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose transport while 1 mM GTP gamma S did not affect insulin-mediated transport. GDP beta S had no effect on glucose transport by itself but rather enhanced insulin action. NaF, which is known to activate trimeric G proteins, increased glucose transport to the same extent as insulin. Likewise, mastoparan augmented glucose transport. These results indicate that a certain type of trimeric G protein(s) is involved in the regulation of glucose transport.
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PMID:Stimulation of glucose transport by guanine nucleotides in permeabilized rat adipocytes. 144 5

The role of insulin in the regulation of the thermogenic activity and capacity (uncoupling protein content) of brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been investigated using mice made diabetic with streptozotocin and then subsequently infused with different doses of insulin. After 12 days of diabetes, the animals received either 0, 8, 16, or 32 units of insulin.kg body wt-1.day-1 delivered by osmotic minipumps implanted subcutaneously for 12 days. After 12 days of diabetes, body weight, interscapular BAT, and epididymal white adipose tissue weights were each reduced. In BAT, significant decreases (P less than 0.05) in the mitochondrial protein content (63%), cytochrome oxidase activity (79%), mitochondrial GDP binding (51%), and the specific mitochondrial concentration and total tissue content of uncoupling protein (71 and 89%, respectively) were obtained, indicating that the thermogenic activity and capacity of the tissue were reduced in diabetes. The infusion of insulin at a dose of 8 units.kg-1.day-1 normalized mitochondrial GDP binding and doubled the concentration of uncoupling protein. Body weight, epididymal white adipose tissue weight, and the mitochondrial protein content of BAT were restored with 16 units of insulin.kg-1.day-1. Higher doses of insulin did not further increase the specific mitochondrial concentration of uncoupling protein, but the mitochondrial content (and thereby the total uncoupling protein content) of BAT was increased and blood glucose normalized. There was a significant correlation between the dose of insulin replacement and several of the parameters measured in BAT: mitochondrial protein content (r = 0.68, P less than 0.001), cytochrome oxidase activity (r = 0.54, P less than 0.001), and total uncoupling protein content (r = 0.68, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Regulation of the level of uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue by insulin. 213 90

Both NaCl and NaF promoted PGE2 binding to epididymal adipocyte membranes by apparent increase in the binding affinity. In order to distinguish between the effect of fluoride and the 'salt effect' of sodium on PGE2 binding, the effects of Mg2+ and guanyl nucleotides on PGE2 binding in the presence of NaCl or NaF were compared. Mg2+ decreased PGE2 binding; high NaF concentration abolished this inhibition, while increased NaCl concentrations did not affect the Mg2+ inhibition. In the presence of Mg2+ the effects of NaCl and NaF were additive. The enhancement of PGE2 binding by fluoride, unlike sodium, was dependent on the presence of Mg2+. Incubation of the membranes with GDP beta S, Gpp(NH)p, GTP or GTP gamma S increased PGE2 binding. Gradual increase in NaF concentrations in the presence of guanyl nucleotides resulted in stimulation of PGE2 binding at low NaF concentrations and inhibition of PGE2 binding at high NaF concentrations. No changes in the stimulatory action of NaCl on PGE2 binding were observed in the simultaneous presence of NaCl and guanyl nucleotides. A biphasic effect on PGE2 binding was observed with a wide concentration range of guanyl nucleotides. Treatment of the isolated membranes with cholera or pertussis toxins stimulated the adenylyl cyclase activity of the membranes, but failed to influence PGE2 binding. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Biphasic effect of sodium fluoride and guanyl nucleotides on binding to prostaglandin E2 receptors in rat epididymal adipocyte membranes. 256 48

Fucosyltransferase activity was quantified in mouse germ cells at different stages of spermatogenesis. Specifically, fucosyltransferase activities of pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and cauda epididymal sperm were compared. Fucosyltransferase activity of mixed germ cells displayed an apparent Vmax of 17 pmol (mg of protein)-1 min-1 and an apparent Km of approximately 13 microM for GDP-L-[14C]fucose in the presence of saturating amounts of asialofetuin at 33 degrees C. Under these conditions, cellular fucosyltransferase activity was found to increase during spermatogenesis. In agreement with assays of intact cells, examination of subcellular fractions indicated that a large fraction of fucosyltransferase activity was associated with the cell surface. The fraction of fucosyltransferase activity that was associated with the cell surface progressively increased throughout spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation so that nearly all of the fucosyltransferase in epididymal sperm was on the cell surface. Specifically, by comparison of activities in the presence and absence of the detergent NP-40, the fraction of fucosyltransferase activity that was associated with the cell surface in pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and epididymal sperm was 0.36, 0.5, and 0.85, respectively. These results suggest that a cell surface fucosyltransferase may be important during differentiation of spermatogenic cells in the testis as well as during epididymal maturation and fertilization.
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PMID:Characterization of fucosyltransferase activity during mouse spermatogenesis: evidence for a cell surface fucosyltransferase. 271 23

1. Adipocytes were isolated from the interscapular brown fat of male rats maintained at 21 degrees C. These animals were controls, streptozotocin-diabetics or 2-day insulin-treated diabetics. 2. With adipocytes from diabetic animals, maximum rates of noradrenaline-stimulated O2 uptake were decreased by 58%, and the Bmax. of [3H]GDP binding to mitochondria was decreased by 55%. Insulin administration reversed both of these changes. 3. Streptozotocin-diabetes increased basal lipolysis in adipocytes incubated with adenosine deaminase (1 unit/ml), decreased the EC50 (concn. giving 50% of maximum effect) for noradrenaline, but did not change the maximum rate of noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis. Except for some small differences at very low concentrations (10-100 pM), diabetes or insulin treatment did not alter the sensitivity of noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis or O2 uptake to the inhibitory effect of N6-phenylisopropyladenosine. It is therefore concluded that the lesion(s) in thermogenesis in diabetes are not attributable to any changes in lipolysis. 4. Blood flow through interscapular brown fat, measured by accumulation of [14C]DDT [14C-labelled 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] was increased by 2.3-fold 70 min after a single administration of insulin to diabetic rats. This treatment decreased blood flow through epididymal white fat by 58%. 5. Propranolol treatment of diabetic rats muted the ability of insulin treatment to increase the maximum rate of noradrenaline-stimulated O2 uptake, suggesting that this action of insulin may be a secondary one rather than a direct effect of the hormone on the adipocytes.
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PMID:Factors influencing the altered thermogenic response of rat brown adipose tissue in streptozotocin-diabetes. 327 24

Increases in the amount of the active non-phosphorylated form of pyruvate dehydrogenase in rat epididymal adipose tissue, as a result of incubation with insulin, persist not only during the preparation of mitochondria but also during subsequent incubation of coupled mitochondria in the presence of respiratory substrates. No effect on insulin was found if the hormone was added directly to mitochondria in the presence or absence of added plasma membranes. Concentrations of several possible regulators of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (ATP, ADP, NADH, NAD+, acetyl-CoA, CoA and potassium) were measured in rat epididymal-adipose-tissue mitochondria incubated under conditions where differences in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity persist as a result of insulin action. No alterations were found, and it is suggested that inhibition of the kinase is not the principal means by which insulin activates pyruvate dehydrogenase. The intramitochondrial concentration of magnesium was also unaffected. Differences in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in interscapular brown adipose tissue associated with manipulation of plasma insulin concentrations of cold-adapted rats were also shown to persist during the preparation and subsequent incubation of mitochondria in the presence or absence of GDP. It is pointed out that the persistence of the effect of insulin on pyruvate dehydrogenase in incubated mitochondria will facilitate the recognition of the mechanism of this action of the hormone. Evidence that the short-term action of insulin involves an increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphate phosphatase activity rather than inhibition of that of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is discussed.
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PMID:Persistence of the effect of insulin on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in rat white and brown adipose tissue during the preparation and subsequent incubation of mitochondria. 632 Aug 7

A cytosolic 21-23 kDa protein isolated from bovine brain was demonstrated to bind hydrophobic ligands, particularly phosphatidylethanolamine. The protein was encountered in numerous tissues of several species. High expression of the mRNA encoding the 21-23 kDa protein was found in rat testes. Immunohistochemical studies showed the presence of the 21-23 kDa protein in the elongated spermatids and epididymal fluid of rat testis and in brain oligodendrocytes of developing rats. As the bovine, human and rat brain 21-23 kDa proteins had only few sequence homologies with already know proteins, ti was concluded that they belong to a new protein family. In order to get additional information on the structural features of the 21-23 kDa protein, we built a molecular model which displayed a nucleotide binding site. The affinity of the bovine brain 21-23 kDa protein towards nucleotides as well as its association with cytosolic proteins and small GTP-binding proteins were demonstrated. Recently, significant sequence homologies were found with an antigen from Onchocerca volvulus, a fruit fly odorant-binding protein and the yeast protein TFS1 which is a dosage-dependent suppressor of CDC25 mutations. A positive regulation of RAS is carried out by CDC25 product which facilitates the GDP/GTP exchange on RAS proteins. These results imply that 21-23 kDa proteins function in oxidoreduction reactions and signal mechanisms during cell growth and maturation.
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PMID:From structure to function: possible biological roles of a new widespread protein family binding hydrophobic ligands and displaying a nucleotide binding site. 764 77

We recently identified four isoforms of bovine prostaglandin E receptor EP3 subtype, which are coupled to different signaling pathways; EP3A is coupled to inhibition of adenylate cyclase, while EP3B and EP3C are coupled to its stimulation and EP3D is coupled to phosphatidylinositol turnover, in addition to the adenylate cyclase system (Namba, T., Sugimoto, Y., Negishi, M., Irie, A., Ushikubi, F., Kakizuka, Ito, S., A., Ichikawa, A., and Narumiya, S. (1993) Nature 365, 166-170). We examined here the identity of coupled G proteins and their regulation by one of the isoforms, EP3C, in the membranes of EP3C cDNA-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. M&B 28767, an EP3 agonist, stimulated the GTPase activity in the pertussis toxin (PT)-treated cell membrane, but inhibited it in the cholera toxin (CT)-treated cell membrane, while the agonist neither stimulated nor inhibited it in the both PT- and CT-treated cell membrane. In the PT- and CT-treated cell membrane reconstituted with various G proteins, M&B 28767 inhibited the GTPase activity of G(o), but stimulated that of Gs. On the other hand, M&B 28767 did not affect the GTPase activity of Gi1, Gi2, or Gi3. M&B 28767 increased the apparent affinity of G(o) for GDP without any change in that for GTP, as assessed by displacement of [35S]GTP gamma S (guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)) binding to G(o). In contrast, M&B 28767 increased the apparent affinity of Gs for GTP but decreased that for GDP. These results demonstrated that the EP3 receptor isoform is coupled to two different G proteins, and oppositely regulates their activities, inhibition of G(o), and stimulation of Gs.
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PMID:Opposite coupling of prostaglandin E receptor EP3C with Gs and G(o). Stimulation of Gs and inhibition of G(o). 825 19


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