Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An apparently specific glutathione oxidase activity is present in renal cortex, epididymal caput, jejunal villus tip cells, choroid plexus, and retina (but not in liver). The activity is membrane-bound and is localized on the luminal surface of the brush border membranes of the kidney and jejunum. The distribution and localization of the oxidase are similar to those of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, suggesting that there is a significant relationship among the translocation of intracellular glutathione, the extracellular oxidation of glutathione to glutathione disulfide, and the reactions of the gamma-glutamyl cycle. Thus, both glutathione present in the blood plasma and intracellular glutathione translocated to the cell surface are accessible to oxidation and transpeptidation. Acceptor substrates of the transpeptidase (e.g., L amino acids) promote transpeptidation and decrease oxidation of glutathione. Conversion of glutathione to glutathione disulfide is followed by utilization of the latter compound by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and dipeptidase. Although intracellular oxidation of glutathione to glutathione disulfide is readily reversed by the action of glutathione reductase, glutathione disulfide formed extracellularly cannot be reduced; instead, it undergoes hydrolytic and transpeptidation reactions leading to gamma-glutamyl amino acid and amino acid products which may be recovered by being transported into the cell.
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PMID:Conversion of glutathione to glutathione disulfide by cell membrane-bound oxidase activity. 3 3

Oral administration of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) at 1000 mg/kg body weight to adult male albino rats maintained on low protein (LP) diet for 15 d resulted in a greater decrease in absolute and relative weights of the testis and in epididymal sperm count than in those rats maintained on a normal protein (NP) diet. A marked increase in the activity of testicular beta-glucuronidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in the LP-fed animals suggested that LP diet enhanced the vulnerability of Sertoli cells towards DEHP. A greater decrease in the activity of testicular acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-X (LDH-X) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) in the LP-fed animals occurred in comparison to NP-fed animals. Degeneration of mature germinal cells in the LP-fed animals on exposure to DEHP suggested that LP diets enhance the susceptibility of the testis towards DEHP.
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PMID:The influence of low protein diet on the testicular toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. 136 64

Effect of styrene (100 or 200 mg/kg body wt/day) for 60 days was observed on testicular enzymes of postnatally maturing rats. A significant decrease in epididymal spermatozoa count was observed only at 200 mg/kg body weight dose. Activities of testicular sorbitol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase decreased while activities of lactate dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase significantly increased only in animals exposed to styrene at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. The results suggest that exposure to high dose of styrene during developmental period alters the activities of enzymes associated with specific cell type of testis.
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PMID:Effect of styrene on testicular enzymes of growing rat. 145 17

The histochemical and biochemical distributions of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) were investigated in the epididymis of rats during fetal and postnatal development. In the epididymal homogenates, gamma-GT activity was detected on the fifth day after birth. A sharp increase was observed after 30 days of life in the caput homogenates. Moderate levels of the enzyme were found in the cauda epididymis. Gamma-GT is histochemically detected from the 15th day of gestation in Wolffian ducts and in 17- to 18-day-old fetuses in newly differentiated epididymal tubules. Enzyme activity, was associated with the plasma membranes (apical, lateral, and basal), was preponderant on the apical part of the epithelial cells. During the first 15 days of the postnatal life, the histochemical reaction intensities were identical from the caput to the cauda epididymidis. From the 18th day onwards, enzyme activity decreased in the corpus and in the cauda, while gamma-GT increased in the caput epididymidis, and a strong activity was found on the apical surface of epithelial cells. Weak or moderate gamma-GT activity of spermatozoa in the caput tubules, increasing steadily from caput to cauda epididymidis, suggests that gamma-GT may be related to the functional maturation of spermatozoa.
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PMID:Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in the epididymis during fetal and postnatal development in rats. 168 99

In utero exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP; 1000 mg/kg body weight) significantly decreased activities of testicular sorbitol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase and increased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase and beta-glucuronidase activities at early ages. A decrease in the sperm count of the epididymal spermatozoa was also observed in the sexually matured animals of DEHP exposed group. The data suggest that in utero exposure to DEHP may affect the normal development of testes.
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PMID:Effect of in utero exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on rat testes. 181 82

The bovine seminal plasma is formed mainly by secretions of epididymis and the glandular epithelia in ampulla, seminal vesicles, prostate and Cowper's glands. The contribution of each organ to the hydrolytic enzyme activities (glycosidases, exopeptidases, phospholipases) of the bull seminal plasma has been analyzed and is reviewed in this paper with special emphasis on the role of the accessory glands. Seminal vesicles seem to have a major role in the secretion of seminal plasma acid alpha-glucosidase, acid alpha-mannosidase and beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, aminopeptidase A, dipeptidyl peptidase II and IV and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase as well as Ca(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent phospholipases A2 with distinct substrate specificities, a choline-specific phospholipase C and a Co2+ (Mn2+)-activated sphingomyelinase. The enzyme pattern in the ampulla closely resembled that of the seminal vesicles and obviously contributes to the seminal plasma level of these hydrolases. The bull prostate and Cowper's glands contained a strong Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipase A2 activity. However, these glands may not contribute to the seminal plasma PLA2 activity. At ejaculation the epididymal spermatozoa are exposed to these enzymes. They may have a specific affinity to sugar, peptide or phospholipid residues at distinct sites of the sperm surface. These enzymes may also participate in the digestion of various other semen components to create a suitable milieu for the emitted spermatozoa.
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PMID:Hydrolases from bovine seminal vesicle, prostate and Cowper's gland. 213 63

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) was administered to adult male rats by gavage at the doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight/day for 15 days. A significant decrease in epididymal spermatozoa counts was observed at 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses of DBP. The activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase was found to be significantly decreased while that of lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, beta-glucuronidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, significantly increased in the animals exposed to 500 and 1000 mg/kg of DBP. Decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase was also observed at all dose levels. Histopathological studies revealed marked degeneration of seminiferous tubules, further confirming testicular toxicity of DBP. The results suggest that testicular atrophy caused by DBP is associated with an alteration in the activities of enzymes related with specific events of spermatogenesis.
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PMID:Testicular toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate in adult rats: effect on marker enzymes of spermatogenesis. 236 10

Oral administration of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in doses of 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg to adult rats for 15 days caused a significant dose dependent decrease in the sperm count of the epididymal spermatozoa. The activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly increased in the animals of the treated groups. An increase in the activity of beta-glucuronidase and decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase was also observed at the highest dose of DEHP. The activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) was found to be decreased in the animals exposed to 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of DEHP. These results suggest that DEHP can affect spermatogenesis by altering the activities of the enzymes responsible for the maturation of sperms. The reduced number of sperms may be responsible for the antifertilic effects of DEHP.
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PMID:Effect of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on spermatogenesis in adult rats. 287 65

The present study is designed to investigate localization of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) in male reproductive organs and its age-related changes using Wistar rats aged 2 to 15 weeks. Histochemically, gamma-GTP activity was detected intensively in epithelial cells of epididymides and seminal vesicles and weakly in those of anterior prostates, but not in testes under the present conditions. Biochemically, the highest gamma-GTP activity was found in epididymal head portions. The order of the activity was epididymides (head greater than body greater than tail), seminal vesicles, prostates and testes. The activity increases with sexual maturation in epididymides and seminal vesicles, but not in prostates. Since gamma-GTP is an enzyme involved in the incorporation of amino acids, the present findings suggest that not only epididymides but also seminal vesicles possess uptake mechanisms for amino acids.
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PMID:Distribution of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in male reproductive system of rats and its age-related changes. 288 May 28

N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) activities in seminal plasma obtained from male infertile patients and these activities in reproductive tissues obtained from cryptorchids and patients with bladder tumors were studied. Seminal mucoprotein concentration was also measured. The mean NAG and gamma-GTP activity in seminal plasma was 2,092 +/- 794 mU/ml and 10,942 +/- 4,179 mIU/ml, respectively. The mean seminal mucoprotein concentration was 28.0 +/- 5.7 mg/ml. In seminal plasma, a significant correlation was obtained between NAG and gamma-GTP (p less than 0.001). and between gamma-GTP and mucoprotein concentration (p less than 0.05). However, there was no correlation between NAG and mucoprotein concentration. In the reproductive tissue high gamma-GTP activity was observed in the testicular tissue and in the external gland of the prostate. The activity in the epididymis was higher in the tail than in the head. High NAG activity was observed in the epididymal head and in the internal gland of the prostate. In the testicular tissue, NAG activity was low. These findings showed that in the seminal plasma NAG and gamma-GTP activities were closely related but in the reproductive tissue, these activities located in different areas.
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PMID:[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in human semen: its relation to gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) activity in seminal plasma and reproductive tissues, and relation between seminal mucoprotein concentration and seminal NAG, and gamma-GTP activities]. 289 Dec 74


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