Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nonpathologic morphologic variations in the epididymal histology in 167 orchiectomy specimens were analyzed to assess and document the nature, frequency, and possible relation to patient age and underlying testicular pathology. Variations in histology included intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions, lipofuscin pigment, cribriform hyperplasia, Paneth cell-like metaplasia, and nuclear atypia. Intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions were observed in 72.5% of patients, and they appeared to occur at an older age than cribriform hyperplasia and Paneth cell-like metaplasia. Lipofuscin pigment was found in 32.9% of patients; this change was observed predominantly in ductuli efferentes and was more commonly associated with obstructive changes. Cribriform hyperplasia was seen in 41.9% of patients, and it occurred in 1 normal testis and in 33 testes with diverse pathologic alterations. Paneth cell-like metaplasia characterized by bright eosinophilic intracytoplasmic hyaline-like granules and globules, was present in 8.3% of patients and was accompanied by changes of obstruction in almost all instances. The globules were strongly periodic acid-Schiff positive, both before and after diastase digestion, and were negative for chromogranin A, KP-1, and MAC387 immunostains. Nuclear atypia, similar to that seen in seminal vesicles, was focally present in 13.8% of patients and tended to occur at an older age. The authors conclude that variations in epididymal morphology are fairly common and, therefore, surgical pathologists should be aware of these changes. Although exuberant in some patients, in no cases did these variations cause serious diagnostic problems.
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PMID:Histologic variations in the epididymis: findings in 167 orchiectomy specimens. 970 79

Leptin, the ob gene product, is an adipocyte-secreted hormone that centrally regulates weight by decreasing caloric intake and increasing energy expenditure. Expression of leptin is regulated by dietary status, insulin, glucocorticoids and catecholamines. Pancreastatin (PST), a chromogranin A-derived peptide, correlates with catecholamine levels, and may play a role in the physiology of stress, modulating endocrine secretion and metabolism. Thus, PST has been found to exert a lipolytic and anti-insulin effect in white adipocytes. The aim of the present work was to investigate a possible role of PST modulating the expression of key genes involved in lipid storage and metabolism: leptin, PPAR-gamma2, UCP-1 and UCP-2. We incubated isolated rat epididymal adipocytes with 100 nM PST for 16 and 24 h. Leptin, UCP-2 and UCP-1 mRNA levels were assessed by RT-PCR, followed by Southern blot. Leptin secretion was also measured by ELISA. PST inhibited leptin expression and secretion at 16-h incubation, but this effect was no longer observed after 24 h. On the other hand, PST stimulated the expression of UCP-2 after 16 h. However, the effect was still significant after 24 h. The inhibitory effect of PST on leptin expression and secretion and the stimulation of UCP-2 expression were prevented by blocking PKC. UCP-1 and PPR-gamma2 expression did not change after PST stimulation. Leptin differentially regulates the expression of key genes in the rat adipocyte, upregulating the expression of UCP-2 and inhibiting the expression and secretion of leptin by a mechanism that involves PKC activity. These effects may contribute to the metabolic action of catecholamines in physiological and pathophysiological conditions with increased sympathetic activity.
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PMID:Pancreastatin, a chromogranin A-derived peptide, inhibits leptin and enhances UCP-2 expression in isolated rat adipocytes. 1468 97

Pancreastatin (PST), a chromogranin A derived peptide has anti-insulin effects and plays a significant role in obesity-induced insulin resistance. In obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, both insulin and PST level are elevated, but it is not clearly understood how anti-insulin effect of PST get regulated in hyperinsulinemic state. Simultaneously we have explored pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 against the native PST in the same hyperinsulinemic state. In in-vitro studies, we found that PST treatment increases lipid droplets and reactive oxygen species production in 3T3L1 adipocyte cells and theses effects of PST was found synergistic with chronic-insulin treatment. Treatment of PSTi8 in 3T3L1 adipocytes attenuates PST effect on lipid droplet formation and reactive oxygen species production. We further validated these findings in epididymal white adipose tissue of C57BL/6 mice, implanted with mini-osmotic insulin pump with and without PSTi8 for 4 weeks. We found that chronic hyperinsulinemia enhanced PST levels in circulation which in turn induces expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. In addition, it also stimulated the expression of lipogenic genes, fat mass and body weight gain through the regulation of circulating adiponectin level. The change in PST mediated inflammatory and lipogenic parameters were attenuated by PSTi8 treatment, leading to enhanced insulin sensitivity and improved glucose homeostasis. PSTi8 rescue from PST mediated insulin resistance in adipose via inhibition of MAPK and NOX3-JNK stress signalling pathway which stimulates GLUT4 expression through activation of AKT-AS160 pathway. Thus PSTi8 may be a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of hyperinsulinemia induced obesity and inflammation mediated insulin resistance.
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PMID:Pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 attenuates hyperinsulinemia induced obesity and inflammation mediated insulin resistance via MAPK/NOX3-JNK pathway. 3158 32

Pancreastatin (PST), a chromogranin A (CHGA) derived peptide connects obesity with insulin resistance by inducing inflammation. Previously, we have evaluated potential activity of PST inhibitor (PSTi8) in liver and adipose tissue in type 2 diabetic mice model. In this study we further explore the therapeutic effect of PSTi8 on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle cells/tissue and its effect on energy homeostasis in diet induced diabetic mice model. In in-vitro studies, we found that PSTi8 increases glucose uptake via enhanced GLUT4 translocation in L6 cells. This positive effect of PSTi8 led us to proceed with in-vivo studies in diabetic mice. C57BL/6 mice were fed HFD or HFrD diet for 12 weeks along with single STZ induction at 4th week followed by PSTi8 treatment. We found that HFD and HFrD model showed increased fat mass, caused glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, with accompanying proinflammatory effect on epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) together leading to skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Administration of PSTi8 protects from diet induced inflammatory response and enhances glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. PSTi8 improves circulating adipokine and lipid parameters, along with switch in macrophage polarisation from M1 to M2 in stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue. In addition, treatment of PSTi8 also improves energy homeostasis, decreases circulatory non-esterified fatty acids level and inhibits ceramide deposition in muscle tissue. Overall this increased muscle insulin sensitivity is mediated via AKT/AS160/GLUT4 pathway activation. Our results reveal that PSTi8 inhibits the obesity mediated inflammation which enhances glucose disposal in skeletal muscle.
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PMID:Pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 protects the obesity associated skeletal muscle insulin resistance in diet induced streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice. 3243 61