Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Treatment of pregnant women with diethylstilbestrol (DES) is associated with the subsequent development of reproductive tract abnormalities such as epididymal cysts, retained hypotrophic testes and sperm abnormalities in their male offspring. It recently has been suggested that prenatal DES exposure is associated with development of testicular seminoma in humans. Studies of in utero exposure of laboratory animals to DES are few, but previous reports from our laboratory have described several abnormalities in the reproductive tract of the mouse following prenatal DES exposure. To study the possible association of testicular tumors and prenatal DES exposure in mice, pregnant outbred CD-1 mice were injected subcutaneously with daily doses of DES (100 micrograms./kg.) on days nine through 16 of gestation. DES-exposed and age-matched control male mice were sacrificed at 10 to 18 months of age and examined for testicular lesions. In addition to the nonmalignant abnormalities reported in previous studies such as 91% cryptorchidism and degenerative changes, interstitial cell tumors were observed in nine mice among 277 mice treated prenatally with DES. Two of these lesions were benign tumors and five were interstitial cell carcinomas. Rete testis adenocarcinoma was seen also in 5% of these DES-treated animals and is described in another report. The overall incidence of testicular tumors is 8% in DES-exposed male mice. No comparable lesions were seen in 122 control male mice. These results suggest that the testicular lesions that can occur following prenatal DES exposure include neoplasia. The combined prevalence of DES-induced tumors of the corpus testis and rete testis in mice suggests the male offspring may be more at risk for developing carcinoma of the reproductive tract than the female offspring.
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PMID:Testicular tumors in mice exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. 368 76

This is a retrospective review of 62 patients with Stage II testicular seminoma treated either by initial radiation therapy (48 patients) or by platinum-containing chemotherapy (14 patients). For all 62 cases, disease-free survival from 2 to 20 years was 86%, uncorrected survival was 86% at 5 years and 83% at 15 years, and survival corrected for deaths from intercurrent disease was 90% from 2 to 20 years. There were no significant differences in outcome between the two treatment groups. An analysis of potential prognostic factors for the initial radiation therapy group and for the whole group revealed that age, site of primary, cryptorchidism, ipsilateral hernia repair, contralateral testicular atrophy, scrotal incision, elevated postorchiectomy beta-human chorionic gonadotropin level, epididymal invasion, spermatic cord involvement, and vascular invasion in the primary were not significant. However, bulk of abdominal disease was a prognostic factor. Patients with small-volume abdominal disease defined as nonpalpable disease or as a mass less than 10 cm in largest diameter accounted for two-thirds of the series and had a disease-free survival of 95% when treated with initial radiation therapy. Patients with bulky disease, either palpable or greater than or equal to 10 cm in diameter, had a disease-free survival of 64%. The relative roles of the two treatments in bulky abdominal disease are discussed, but in the absence of a prospective study it is not possible to definitively answer the question of which modality is best in this setting. In our series, the patients treated with platinum-containing chemotherapy fared as well as the primarily irradiated patients, but 71% of the former had palpable masses, compared with 22% of the latter. The chemotherapy-treated patients who relapsed were treated with radiation therapy for salvage, leading to a 100% survival corrected for intercurrent death. We have therefore elected to continue the policy of initial radiation therapy for small-volume (less than 10 cm) disease and platinum-containing chemotherapy for bulky disease (greater than or equal to 10 cm), with irradiation used for residual masses.
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PMID:The role of radiation in stage II testicular seminoma. 381 84

Management of clinical stage (CS) 1 testicular seminoma is controversial. Treatment choice is based on a number of pathological risk factors. However, they have been inconsistently associated with risk of metastatic disease. The eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Tumor-Node-Metastasis staging system has separated pT1a and pT1b tumors according to a 3-cm size cutoff and upstaged invasion of hilar soft tissue and epididymis as pT2. We investigated pathological predictors of metastatic disease at presentation in 332 testicular seminomas. Age, tumor size, invasion of vessels, hilar soft tissue, rete testis, epididymis, spermatic cord, tunica vaginalis and tumor at spermatic cord margin were assessed and correlated with CS at presentation. A total of 290 (87%) tumors were CS 1; 42 (13%) were CS 2/3. Median patient age of CS 1 was 36 years (20-81); that of CS 2/3 was 36 years (26-63). Mean tumor size of CS 1 was 38 mm (5-95 mm); that of CS 2/3 was 54 mm (8-95 mm). On univariate analysis, lymphovascular invasion (P = .044), epididymal invasion (P = .009) and tumor size (P = .0001) were associated with higher CS. On multivariate analysis, tumor size (P = .0001) and epididymis invasion (P = .023) remained significant. Optimal tumor size cutoff was 4.25 cm. We conclude that tumor size and epididymal invasion are the strongest predictors of metastatic disease at presentation. The results validate changes in American Joint Committee on Cancer Tumor-Node-Metastasis staging eighth edition but suggest a tumor size of 4 cm as better cutoff value.
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PMID:Pathological risk factors for metastatic disease at presentation in testicular seminomas with focus on the recent pT changes in AJCC TNM eighth edition. 3166 97