Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Daily feeding of 1 mg of alpha-chlorohydrin per kg body weight to boars prevented fertility completely when the ejaculate was used for insemination. The semen charactreated than in untreated boars, but the sperm morphology was otherwise normal. In vitro addition of 5 mg/epididymal contents from the treated boars revealed normal Na+, K+ and glycerylphosphorylcholine concentrations. The movement of sperm cytoplasmic droplets was completed on all spermatozoa more distally in treated than in untreated boars, but the sperm morphology was otherwise normal. In vitro addition of 5 mg/100 ml of alpha-chlorohydrin to ejaculate boar semen completely inhibited and 2.5 mg/100 ml decreased fertility. Removal of the alpha-chlorohydrin prior to insemination partially restored fertility. 14C-alpha-chlorohydrin was shown to be more firmly bound to boar spermatozoa than 14C-carboxyinulin and could not be removed from the spermatozoa with 3 washings. The contraceptive mechanism of the drug is suggested to be alkylation of the sperm membrane by free alpha-chlorohydrin in the epididymis.
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PMID:Effect of low doses of alpha-chlorohydrin on fertility and semen characteristics and binding of the drug of spermatozoa in swine. 0 83

The spontaneous contractility of rat epididymis was recorded in vivo and the effects of various autonomic drugs were studied. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and orciprenaline produced a sudden increase in tonus and in the size and frequency of epididymal contractions. Phentolamine (an alpha-blocker agent) inhibited the effects of norepinephrine. On the other hand, alprenolol (a beta-blocker agent) inhibited the effects of orciprenaline but did not block the effects of norepinephrine. In addition, phentolamine and alprenolol decreased the spontaneous activity of the epididymis. Acetylcholine produced effects similar to those of norepinephrine. These effects were blocked by atropine. The results described would indicate the presence of the two receptors, alpha and beta, and that both are mediators of stimulatory effects.
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PMID:Effects of autonomic drugs on epididymal contractions. 0 41

The in vivo and in vitro effects of cyproterone acetate (CA), an antiandrogenic compound, on the proteinase activities in epididymal and testicular spermatozoa in male albino rats was studied. CA was injected intramuscularly at a dose of 50 mg/kg daily for 10, 20, and 30 days. The testis and epididymis were homogenized and submitted for enzyme assay. The in vitro experments involved the incubation of supernatents from centrifuged testis and epididymis for 30 minutes with CA. Proteinases were assayed using acid-denatured hemoglobin as substrate. Acid proteinase activities increased in both testis and epididymis, but the inhibition of neutral and alkaline proteinase activities was greater in epididymis than testis with both long- and short-term treatment with CA. It is suggested that CA inhibits the maturational processes in the epididymis rather than spermatogenesis in the testis.
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PMID:Effect of cyproterone acetate on the proteinase activities of adult rat testis and epididymis. 1 62

In a prospective study of 42 patients with undescended testes 15 (36 per cent) had epididymal abnormalities. These anomalies were divided into 3 groups, including agenesis of the epididymis, atresia of the epididymis and loop or elongated epididymis. In the second group atresia could occur at the head, body or tail of the epididymis.
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PMID:Epididymal abnormalities associated with undescended testis. 3 33

After separation of three epididymal acid phosphatases their biochemical properties were differently studied. With appropriate substrate and inhibitor selection the distribution of the enzymes in different segments as well as the subcellular fractions of the rat epididymis was also demonstrated. The same biochemical differences were also utilized in the histochemical localization of the enzymes. It was found that Enzyme I had a pH-optimum at 5.0, a molecular weight of 97 000 and Km-constant of 0.901 mM. It was highly sensitive to tartrate and fluoride and it was localized in lysosomes as well as in the epididymal spermatozoa. Enzyme II had an optimum at pH 5.7, a molecular weight of 67 000 and Km-constant of 0.806 mM. It was also inhibited by fluoride but more resistant to tartrate. Its subcellular site was also particulate, but it was also found in the epididymal fluid. Enzyme III had an optimum at pH 5.2, a molecular weight of 135 000 and Km-constant of 0.685 m. It was resistant to low concentrations of fluoride and tartrate but sensitive to heavy metal ions. The enzyme was soluble and it behaved incoherently in thermal inactivation. All enzymes revealed the highest activity in the thin middle segments of the epididymis. Histochemical naphthol substrates gave a diffuse reaction in the epididymal epithelial cells. With the lead salt methods glycerophosphates and p-nitrophenylphosphate gave somewhat different results depending on their specificity as substrates for the epididymal enzymes. Both substrates gave a strong reaction supranuclearly in the Golgi area of the chief cells. This activity was inhibited by tartrate and was most probably due to Enzyme I. The epididymal corpus and cauda showed additionally a very strong apical activity in the chief cells with p-nitrophenylphosphate. This activity was resitant to tartrate but sensitive to fluoride. It was concluded that this enzyme represents Enzyme II activity. Similar activity was also found in the dissolving "holocrine" cells of the corpus and the cauda. The activity of the soluble Enzyme III could not be revealed with the present methods and the spermatozoa in the tubular lumina remained unstained.
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PMID:Acid phosphatases of the rat epididymis. II. Biochemical characteristics, subcellular distribution and histochemical localization. 7 Jan 77

The epithelium of the monkey epididymis was studied by means of freeze-fracture techniques and conventional electron microscopy. For the study of transepithelial permeability lanthanum hydroxide was used as an intercellular tracer. The epididymal epithelium consists mainly of tall columnar cells. The long stereocilia at the apical surface, similarly to microvilli, exhibit after freeze-fracture, two distinct faces: the E face, concave and with fewer membrane-associated particles, and the complementary convex P face. In the lumen unusual groups of smooth-surfaced vacuoles are present. A tight junctional network, which shows some permeability to the lanthanum tracer, is located at the apical end of the cells. Supranuclear cross-fractures clearly show the well developed Golgi cisternae and numerous vacuole profiles. The highly infolded, centrally located nucleus exhibits, after freeze-fracture, an even distribution of nuclear pores. In the perinuclear region the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which also presents pores, displays a sheet-like organization. The basal cytoplasm is filled by numerous globular profiles of membrane-bounded granules. Freeze-cleave exposes large cytoplasmic areas where the types and amount of organelles indicate an intense metabolic activity.
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PMID:Fine structure of the monkey epididymis: a correlated thin-section and freeze-cleave study. 11 68

Rat spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis were found to have a lower activity of the surface ATPase than the spermatozoa from the caput region. The enzyme from spermatozoa of both regions had the same Michaelis constant (Km) for ATP of 5 X 10(-4) M. It was partly inhibited by ouabain and fluoride, but strongly inhibited by Cu2+, Zn2+,p-chloromercuribenzoate, 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulphonate Triton X-100, Lubrol-PX, urea, guanidine hydrochloride, sodium dodecyl sulphate and glycerylphosphorylcholine. The enzyme of the spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis was more sensitive to inhibition by ouabain and fluoride but less sensitive to inhibition by Cu2+ than that of the cells form the caput region. The Arrhenius plot of the temperature dependence of enzymatic activity varied for the cells from the caput and cauda epididymidis. The differences in the enzyme properties of spermatozoa from the two regions of the epididymis suggested that the decline in the activity during epididymal maturation may reflect changes in the lipids and sulphydryl groups of the sperm membrane.
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PMID:Changes in surface ATPase of rat spermatozoa in transit from the caput to the cauda epididymidis. 13 82

Average lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme patterns the content of H subunits, total LDH activity, total malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity and the m- MDH/s-MDH ratio were determined in twelve muscles and the male genital tract of the rabbit. LDH(1) was the predominant form in the heart, soleus and masseter muscles, LDH(3) in the lingual muscles and LDH(5) in the other muscles analysed. In the muscles, an increase in the percentual proportion of M subunits was accompanied, by a proportional increase in total LDH activity and a decrease in total MDH activity, especially m-MDH. LDH isoenzyme patterns and LDH and MDH activities are useful for obtaining some idea about the proportion of individual muscle fibres. Activity accounted for by H subunits was roughly the same in all the muscles analysed, indicating that the synthesis of H subunits is independent of the type of muscle fibre and of the oxygen supply of the muscular tissue, and also that isoenzymes composed chiefly of H subunits are not localized preferentially in the mitochondria. Similar relationships between LDH isoenzymes and LDH and MDH activities were found in the testicular and epididymal tissues. The tests and the head of the epididymis mainly contain LDH isoenzymes composed of H subunits. The total LDH activity in these tissues is relatively low and their MDH activity is relatively high compared with the body and tail of the epididymis. The proportion of H subunits in the ampulla, the seminal vesicles, the coagulating glands and the prostate is also high. Cowper's glands have a high LDH(5) and LDH(4) concentration. One of two LDHx isoenzymes were found in the testes and spermatozoa.
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PMID:Lactate and malate dehydrogenases in the muscles and male genital tract of the rabbit. 13

Ten steroids which may have a role in the process of sperm maturation within the epididymis were quantified by competitive protein binding or radioimmunoassay. Rete testis fluid (RTF) carrying testicular sperm into the epididymis was rich in dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone (21 +/- 2 and 33 +/- 3 ng/ml) while cauda eipididymal plasma (CEP) around sperm which have completed maturation had high levels of progesterone, dihydrotestosterone, 3beta-androstanediol, dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone (7.4 +/- 0.8, 20.3 +/- 1.1, 6.5 +/- 0.4, 8.0 +/- 0.7 and 11.5 +/- 0.7 ng/ml). About 4 mug of steroids enter the epidymis daily in RTF, but less than 1% was found in CEP; the balance presumably was absorbed by the epithelium in the proximal caput epididymidis. Nevertheless, tissue levels of total 17beta-OH androgens were lower in the proximal caput than in the distal caput or corpus epididymidis. In all zones of the epididymis, dihydrotestosterone accounted fro about 70% of the total 17beta-OH androgens found in the nuclear fraction. In the cytoplasmic fraction, however, dihydrotestosterone predominated only in the distal caput and corpus epididymidis. In the cauda epididymidis, CEP and sperm probably accounted for less than 35% of the total 17beta-OH androgens and less than 25% of the dihydrotesterone. The progesterone concentration of the cauda than in the caput epidymidis. Twice washed testicular sperm contained more testosterone than cauda epididymal or ejaculated sperm (16.6 +/- 1.9, 1.6 +/- 0.2 and 1.5 +/- 0.3 ng/10(9) sperm, respectively), but less progesterone (0.5 +/- 0.1, 1.3 +/- 0.2 and 1.0 +/- 0.4 ng/10(9) sperm, respectively). As a consequence of mixture with estrogen-rich prostatic fluid (150 +/- 9 pg/ml), ejaculated sperm contained a relatively high amount of estrogens (112 +/- 15 pg/10(9) sperm). These studies revealed marked differences in steroid profiles of fluids entering and leaving the epididymis and of infertile testicular and fertile cauda epididymal sperm.
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PMID:Steroids in fluids and sperm entering and leaving the bovine epididymis, epididymal tissue, and accessory sex gland secretions. 13 12

A histochemical study has been made of the localization and changes of lipids, carbohydrates, ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase in fresh and fixed frozen sections of testicular and epididymal components in the normal and alpha-chlorohydrin-treated rats. After treatment with a single low dose of alpha-chlorohydrin, the phospholipids are decreased with corresponding increase in triglycerides in both the testis and epididymis. Glycogen, ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase are also decreased after treatment with alpha-chlorohydrin. The physiological significance of these histochemical changes has been discussed.
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PMID:Histochemical changes of the rat testis and epididymis after treatment of alpha-chlorohydrin-effects of a single low dose. 15 90


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