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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cauda epididymal fluid (CEF) greatly stimulated the oxygen uptake of washed ejaculated ram spermatozoa; the effect was evident within 1 h and persisted over the 8 h of the experiment. The stimulus was comparable to that produced by 10 mM glucose and the effects were not additive, that is, CEF and CEF plus glucose elicited about the same oxygen uptake. This suggested that CEF suppressed the oxidation of added glucose and this was confirmed by measuring the amount of glucose oxidized in the presence and absence of CEF. Cauda epididymal fluid improved the motility of washed ram spermatozoa but it was somewhat less than that produced by glucose and usually only became evident after about 6 h or incubation. Electrophoretic analysis of cauda epididymal spermatozoa incubated in radioiodinated CEF showed that these cells absorb fluid components in the zone 82 to 56 kD. However, a molecular weight fraction less than 5 kD obtained by passing CEF through a Sephadex G-25 column, was not effective in stimulating the oxygen uptake of ram spermatozoa. The effects of CEF on the metabolism of ram spermatozoa could be mimicked by 2.5-4.0 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA). Stimulation of oxygen uptake was apparent within 1 h and persisted over the 8 h of the experiment. As with CEF, stimulation of oxygen uptake by BAS was less than with 10 mM glucose but the effects were not additive. Like CEF, BSA reduced the amount of glucose oxidized. Bovine serum albumin also improved the motility of ram spermatozoa over 8 h. After passage through Sephadex G-25 to remove any low molecular weight contaminants (less than 5 kD), BSA was still effective in stimulating the oxygen uptake of spermatozoa over 4 h. Ram blood plasma and especially ram seminal plasma were also effective after passage through the Sephadex. Human serum albumin (HSA) was as effective as BSA in stimulating the oxygen uptake of ram spermatozoa but defatting decreases its effectiveness. The motility score of the spermatozoa was also adversely affected by this treatment. It is concluded that the stimulating effects of CEF and of the other fluids and proteins are due to substrates, at least some of which are present as or associated with macromolecules.
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PMID:Effect of male reproductive tract fluids and proteins on the metabolism and motility of ram spermatozoa. 343 93

The effects of long-term moderate food restriction were assessed in lean and obese male Zucker rats. A 30% reduction in food intake from 5 to 68 wk of age resulted in parallel lowering of body weight in both lean and obese rats compared to their respective ad libitum-fed control groups. In lean rats, epididymal and retroperitoneal fat pad weights and cell size were lowered by food restriction. In obese rats there was an effect of food restriction on growth of the epididymal pad but not the retroperitoneal pad. Hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia and elevated serum albumin levels, as well as higher activity of lipogenic enzymes, were also not affected by food restriction in the obese rat. In a second experiment, long-term food restriction resulted in greater glucose conversion to CO2 in response to insulin in adipocytes from lean rats but not obese rats compared to their respective control groups. These results indicate that food restriction throughout the first year of life in the obese Zucker rat does not alter the development of hyperplastic obesity and insulin resistance.
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PMID:Effects of long-term moderate food restriction on growth, serum factors, lipogenic enzymes and adipocyte glucose metabolism in lean and obese Zucker rats. 355 7

Dietary exposure of adult male F344 rats to 0, 320, 1250, 5000, or 20,000 ppm DEHP for 60 consecutive days resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in total body, testis, epididymis, and prostate weights at 5000 and 20,000 ppm. Degenerative changes were observed in testis, along with decreased testicular zinc content, reduced epididymal sperm density and motility, and increased occurrence of abnormal sperm at 20,000 ppm. There was a trend towards reduced testosterone and increased luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in serum at 5000 and 20,000 ppm. The mean percentage of fertile animals was unchanged and reduction in fertility parameters, although not marked in severity, were correlated with gonadal effects. Average litter size was reduced at 20,000 ppm, but initial pup weights and growth were unaffected. There were no grossly observed abnormalities in the offspring and the rate of neonatal deaths was similar in control and DEHP treated groups. Characteristic toxicity manifestations of DEHP included dose-dependent enlargement of liver and reduced sperm triglycerides and cholesterol. Additionally, serum albumin and total proteins were dose dependently increased upon treatment with DEHP. Cessation of exposure to DEHP initiated partial to complete recovery from toxicity in most cases. The magnitude of recovery were variable with that of the gonads being slower than other systems. These data suggest a lack of reproductive dysfunction in F344 male rats at DEHP doses below 20,000 ppm which produced measurable testicular degeneration and afflicted epididymal sperm morphology under the present experimental conditions.
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PMID:Effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on the gonadal pathophysiology, sperm morphology, and reproductive performance of male rats. 370 61

Proteins of mouse cauda epididymal fluid were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fluid expressed from the cauda epididymidis and samples obtained by micropuncture of the epididymal lumen showed very similar patterns with respect to the major proteins they contained, with the exception of a small amount of serum albumin found in expressed caudal fluid. Eight prominent peptides present in both micropuncture fluid and expressed caudal epididymal fluid were selected for further study, and were designated CP 47, 42, 35, 29, 27, 25, 18, and 13 according to their mobility. Six of these were never detected in serum. Periodic acid-Schiff staining indicated that at least three were glycoproteins. The epididymal proteins were purified by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroelution. Upon re-electrophoresis, the individual purified peptides comigrated with the corresponding bands in whole epididymal fluid, and no additional bands were detected, indicating that the proteins were purified to a high degree of homogeneity. Several of the mouse epididymal peptides resemble in their mobility proteins identified previously in other species, most notably the widely studied 33 Kd and 16 to 18 Kd proteins detected in the rat.
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PMID:Identification and isolation of epididymal luminal proteins of the mouse. 372 99

Progressive motility was induced in hamster caput epididymal spermatozoa incubated in Tyrodes medium containing 50 mM theophylline, 1.0% Fraction V bovine serum albumin, and 15% (v/v) heat-treated human seminal plasma. Under these induction conditions, however, the maximum percent of caput spermatozoa exhibiting progressive motility (21%) and the time during which motility was sustained (120 min) were significantly less (p less than 0.05) than that of controls from the cauda epididymidis. Moreover, in contrast to caudal spermatozoa, the majority of the induced caput spermatozoa exhibited some degree of flagellar bending at the neck or midpiece. In subsequent experiments the procedure for motility induction was modified to achieve levels of motility in caput spermatozoa equivalent to those observed for caudal spermatozoa. The addition of 5 microM diamide, a sulfhydryl oxidant, to the induction medium prevented the flagellar angularity observed in induced caput sperm preparations. The percentage of caput spermatozoa induced to progressive motility was increased to levels characteristic of caudal spermatozoa (48%) by the addition of hamster caudal epididymal fluid (CEF) to the induction medium. Finally, the viability of the induced caput spermatozoa was significantly enhanced (p less than 0.05) by the removal of Fraction V albumin from the induction medium. In the presence of CEF and in the absence of albumin, 50% of the caput spermatozoa acquired progressive motility and sustained this motility for 4 h. Moreover, when fatty acid-free, charcoal-extracted albumin instead of Fraction V albumin was utilized in the induction procedure, a maximum of 43% of the caput spermatozoa acquired progressive motility and maintained this motility for 4 h, suggesting that the decreased sperm viability observed in the presence of Fraction V albumin was due to a contaminant of albumin, possibly fatty acids. The studies described herein demonstrate for the first time that immature quiescent caput epididymal spermatozoa can be induced to acquire progressive and sustained motility equivalent to that observed in mature caudal epididymal spermatozoa.
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PMID:Induction and enhancement of progressive motility in hamster caput epididymal spermatozoa. 381 93

It was possible to demembrante and reactivate not only freshly collected testicular, cauda epididymal, and ejaculated ram sperm but also sperm that had been stored for several days at 0 degrees C and for several months at -196 degrees C in rete testis fluid or egg yolk citrate media. Sperm were usually washed free of seminal plasma before demembranation, but this was not essential for reactivation. Bovine serum albumin (1.0%) in the wash medium increased the survival of sperm, but more than 0.25% in the extraction medium decreased reactivation. A macro-molecular component of cauda epididymal fluid also inhibited the reactivation of testicular sperm. Triton X-100 concentrations between 0.01% and 1.00% in the extraction medium were satisfactory for demembranating the sperm. Rapid cooling (i.e., cold shock) mimicked the effect of detergent in making the sperm responsive to added ATP and demonstrated that damage to ram sperm in cold shock does not involve the axoneme. Ejaculated and cauda sperm were reactivated immediately on addition of ATP and activity persisted for up to 10 min. Testicular sperm, on the other hand, required about 4 min to become fully reactivated. The optimal ATP concentration for activation of sperm was 0.1-1.0 mM. Magnesium ions (0.1-1.0 mM) were important for reactivation, and testicular sperm required a higher magnesium concentration than did cauda or ejaculated sperm. Manganese ions were almost as effective as magnesium for reactivating cauda epididymal and ejaculated sperm. Cobalt and cadmium ions were much less active for cauda and ejaculated sperm and none of these ions were effective for testicular sperm. Fluoride (25-50 mM) inhibited reactivation. The presence of 50 microM cAMP in the extraction medium or preincubation of testicular sperm with theophylline or caffeine increased low levels of activation, but this was not evident with ejaculated or cauda sperm. We conclude that the motor apparatus is already functionally assembled in spermatozoa on leaving the testis, but some fine adjustment must take place during maturation in the epididymis.
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PMID:ATP-induced reactivation of ram testicular, cauda epididymal, and ejaculated spermatozoa extracted with Triton X-100. 395 35

Luminal fluid samples were collected by micropuncture of the seminiferous tubule, rete testis, and defined levels of the epididymal tubule. After removal of spermatozoa by centrifugation, the supernatant fluids were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) and an ultrasensitive silver staining procedure to define the sequential change in protein composition along the excurrent duct system. Fluid from each segment displayed a characteristic 2-D PAGE map composed of numerous polypeptides. Seminiferous tubule fluid contained a wide array of polypeptides, with most concentrated in the 45 Kd to 90 Kd range, but, in contrast, rete testis fluid lacked most of these polypeptides. The major complex of rete testis fluid comigrated with serum albumin and was present in all distal segments. Other major rete testis components were not noted distally. Fluid from the caput was characterized by new major components of 30 to 37 Kd, 28 to 30 Kd, 24 Kd, and 23 Kd, each of which consisted of multiple spots of apparent isoelectric variants; all except the 30 to 37 Kd complex were present in the fluid from more distal segments. Proceeding distally, there was a temporal appearance of new polypeptides, especially in the molecular weight range below 30 Kd. Two-dimensional PAGE analysis of detergent extracts of washed spermatozoa indicate that a specific subset of these fluid polypeptides are sperm associated.
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PMID:Regional differences in luminal fluid polypeptides of the rat testis and epididymis revealed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. 397 17

Homogenates of some rat tissues, incubated in Tris-maleate buffer containing bovine serum albumin, olive oil emulsion, heparin, and serum, liberated free fatty acids. The total lipolytic activity in tissues of rats fed a low fat, 20% lard, or 20% corn oil diet for 6 wk was measured. Similar activities were found in all the livers, but there was a significant increase in the total lipolytic activity of the mucosa, epididymal fat, and mesenteric tissues after ingestion of an unsaturated fat diet as compared with that containing a more saturated fat. From measurements of the lipolytic activity in the presence of 1 M NaCl or 0.2 M NaF and in the absence and presence of heparin and serum, the conclusion is drawn that more lipoprotein lipase was present in adipose tissue of rats on unsaturated fat diets. An increase in available lipoprotein lipase after unsaturated fat diets may aid in clearing lipids from the blood of these rats and thus in producing the lower blood lipid levels obtained.
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PMID:Effect of ingestion of unsaturated fat on lipolytic activity of rat tissues. 564 84

Acidic epididymal glycoprotein (AEG) had a slight stimulatory effect on the motility of spermatozoa showing low initial motility which had been removed by micropuncture from the caput and corpus epididymidis of rats. However, similar effects were seen when bovine serum albumin (BSA) or purified gammaglobulin against AEG was used instead of AEG. Furthermore, BSA, normal rabbit serum and serum from a rabbit immunized against AEG reduced the motility of spermatozoa which showed high initial motility after removal from the caput, while AEG had no effect. These studies emphasize the importance of the effects of proteins on the motility of spermatozoa but do not provide any clear evidence for a specific effect of AEG.
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PMID:The effects of acidic epididymal glycoprotein (AEG) and some other proteins on the motility of rat epididymal spermatozoa. 619 70

The supernatants of frozen-thawed murine epididymal sperm suspensions contain a heat-labile component capable of binding a low molecular weight, acid-stable proteinase inhibitor of seminal vesicle origin. The substance has a molecular weight of approximately 15,000 and can be isolated by affinity chromatography using the inhibitor as the ligand. Although the substance has no inherent enzymatic properties, it will decrease the activity of the seminal inhibitor in the standard N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) indicate that the substance, when bound to microtiter plates, is capable of binding the seminal vesicle inhibitor. Turkey egg white trypsin inhibitor will decrease the amount of the seminal inhibitor that will bind to the substance, while noninhibitor proteins, e.g., bovine serum albumin or insulin, have no effect. Turkey egg white and lima bean trypsin inhibitor will also decrease the amount of seminal vesicle inhibitor capable of binding to washed sperm. These data indicate the presence of an inhibitor acceptor site associated with murine epididymal spermatozoa.
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PMID:Evidence for a proteinase inhibitor binding component associated with murine spermatozoa. 650 44


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