Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seminal zinc was measured in normospermic and infertile patients by a new colorimetric method. Analysis of semen from 5 patients with bilateral agenesis of the vas deferens showed high levels of zinc (mean value 1411.2 micrograms/ml). Lower levels were found in 6 patients with monolateral congenital or acquired obstruction (695.2 micrograms/ml). The seminal zinc level in 6 patients who had had a vasectomy or who had an epididymal blockage (125.7 micrograms/ml) was approximately the same as in 41 controls (134.6 +/- 42 +/- SD). Zinc levels were reduced in hypogonadal patients. These data suggest that zinc is secreted mainly by the prostate, while vesicular, epididymal and testicular secretions are devoid of zinc. Evaluation of this metal therefore permits the diagnosis of patency of the seminal pathways, but does not permit identification of prostatitis. No correlation was found between sperm count or motility and the seminal zinc level, nor between the latter and varicocele.
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PMID:Zinc in human semen. 357 May 37

It has been previously shown that 30-day experimental left varicocele (ELV) in adult rats produces a bilateral increase in testicular blood flow and temperature, as well as a concomitant decrease in epididymal sperm count and motility. In the present study, adult male rats with induced ELV were subjected to a variety of studies to determine the mechanism by which unilateral ELV causes a bilateral testicular response. The results demonstrate that ELV does not alter the blood-testis barrier (BTB) to 3H-inulin (MW 5000), it being largely excluded from entry into the tubule lumen in both control and ELV animals. Neither left nor right cauda epididymidal temperature was altered by ELV. Intraepididymal Na+ and K+ concentrations in the left caput epididymidis were 81.3 +/- 3.8 mEq/l and 26.3 +/- 1.5 mEq/l, respectively. From the cauda epididymidis, these values were 25.0 +/- 2.2 mEq/l and 46.8 +/- 1.0 mEq/l, respectively. These values were similar on the right side and in the left and right epididymis of ELV animals. Left testis arterial pH was 7.3 +/- 0.1, and PO2 and PCO2 were 116.0 +/- 6.4 mm of mercury and 44.3 +/- 3.2 mm of mercury, respectively. Left testicular venous values were 7.3 +/- 0.1 (pH), and 52.6 +/- 2.2 mm of mercury and 49.9 +/- 2.0 mm of mercury. These values were similar for right control testicles and left and right testicles of ELV animals. These results indicate that the mechanism by which unilateral ELV produces a bilateral change in testicular or epididymal function is not by altering the BTB, epididymal temperature or electrolyte concentrations, or testicular blood gas concentrations.
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PMID:Experimental varicocele does not affect the blood-testis barrier, epididymal electrolyte concentrations, or testicular blood gas concentrations. 359 57

We examined 11 patients with acquired obstructive azoospermia resulting from irreparable obstruction of 1 vas deferens and severe damage to the contralateral testis. All of the patients underwent transseptal crossed vasovasostomy with no morbidity. Of 8 patients evaluated with postoperative semen analyses 4 (50 per cent) demonstrated total sperm counts of 29 to 205 million and 2 pregnancies (25 per cent) have been reported, with followup ranging from 5 months to 2 years. The etiologies of the vasal obstruction included previous inguinal surgery in 7 patients, vasectomy in 1, ejaculatory duct obstruction in 1, ectopic ureter in 1 and vasal agenesis in 1. Factors leading to loss of the contralateral testis were torsion in 5 patients, mumps orchitis in 2, varicocele in 1, pediatric inguinal herniorrhaphy in 1, epididymal blow out in 1 and unknown in 1. A representative case involving a unilateral ectopic ureter emptying into the seminal vesicle and subsequent contralateral testicular torsion is presented. The results indicate that a transseptal crossed vasovasostomy should be done in patients satisfying the criteria presented.
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PMID:Transseptal crossed vasovasostomy. 405 2

Recent progress in reconstructive surgery of male and female sterility are described. Correction of varicocele by high ligation of the spermatic vein reestablishes fertility in more than 20% of cases, although the mechanism of the disorder's effects on spermatogenesis is still unknown. Results of epididymal surgery (102 cases) for epididymal defects have been encouraging; surgical reanastomosis after vasectomy is problematical. New techniques of tubal surgery to correct hydrosalpinx, pelvic adhesions, and scarring are also described in detail. The importance of continuous medical treatment in conjunction with surgery is emphasized.
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PMID:[Recent progress in the surgery of male and female sterility]. 465 82

Scrotal imaging with technetium-99m sodium pertechnetate consists of a radionuclide angiogram and static scrotal scans. Utilization of this study in patients presenting with an acute scrotum can dramatically reduce the number of surgical explorations for acute epididymitis. It can also aid in other aspects of differential diagnosis in patients presenting with either an acutely enlarged and/or painful scrotum or a scrotal mass. Ambiguities in previous descriptions of perfusion through the spermatic and extraspermatic cord vessels are described and distinguished from scrotal perfusion. The clinical and scintigraphic spectrum of testicular torsion, including spontaneous detorsion, early acute testicular torsion, midphase testicular torsion, and late phase or "missed testicular torsion," is discussed and illustrated. The variety of patterns seen in acute epididymitis, including lateral and medial epididymal location, and focal epididymitis are described, as is the appearance of hydrocele as both a primary and secondary entity. The relationship of scrotal imaging to the overall clinical presentation and evaluation of these patients is emphasized in testicular torsion, torsion of the testicular appendages, epididymitis, abscess, trauma, tumor, spermatocele, and varicocele. The techniques, clinical utility, and relationship to radionuclide imaging of Doppler ultrasound and gray scale ultrasound scanning are reviewed. Doppler ultrasound results in many false negative studies in testicular torsion. Gray scale ultrasound is useful in clarifying the nature of scrotal masses.
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PMID:Current status of radionuclide scrotal imaging. 627 19

In the early 1970s, the elevated rate of abnormalities in children of the 2-3 million US women and 260,000 French women treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy began to be recognized. 4 kinds of cervicovaginal anomalies have been observed in women exposed to DES in utero: 1) 22-58% have been estimated to have morphologic anomalies with the timing of exposure to DES more important than the total dose 2) a high proportion has an insufficient cervical mucus not corrected by exogenous administration of estrogen 3) a high proportion develop cervical stenosis after cryosurgery, electrocoagulation, or conization and 4) the increased incidence of prematurity in infants of DES-exposed mothers has been attributed to cervical incompetence. 69% of 267 women studied had hysterographically demonstrated uterotubal malformations. A characteristic aspect was a T-shaped uterus but other anomalies were noted. Hysterographic anomalies were correlated with cervico-isthmic anatomic anomalies, anomalies of the vaginal epithelium, and with the date of 1st exposure to DES in utero. The total dose of DES did not affect the frequency of genital anomalies. Possible tubal anomalies have not been well studied, although 1 author has observed short and narrow tubes and other abnormalities. The number of extrauterine pregnancies is known to be elevated in women exposed to DES in utero. The possibility of an increased incidence of menstrual irregularity, dysmenorrhea, or oligomenorrhea in DES-exposed women has been suggested but remains controversial. The responsibility of DES exposure in utero for later reduced fertility is also in dispute. Higher rates of spontaneous abortion, extrauterine pregnancy, prematurity, and perinatal death have been reported in DES-exposed women. Increased incidence of stenosis of the meatus, hypospadias, epididymal cysts, testicular hypoplasia and other anomalies, cryptorchidism, microphallus, and varicocele have been reported in men exposed to DES in utero. Reduced sperm counts and anomalies in the volume of the ejaculate, percentage of sperm mobile, and sperm morphology have been reported in exposed men. Sperm anomalies may be responsible for reduced fertility in exposed men, but the exact extent is unknown.
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PMID:[Fertility disorders attributable to the use of diethylstilbestrol during intrauterine life]. 639 35

Real-time sonography of the scrotal veins was performed in 13 subjects with clinically obvious or small varicocele and in 10 normal controls. In normals, the vessels were 0.5-1.5 mm in caliber and a main draining vein up to 2 mm often was seen. In all varicoceles, numerous dilated, tortuous, branching vessels of uniform size were observed. Vessels of different lesions varied in caliber from 2 to 5 mm. Blood flow was seen in some normal vessels, and sluggish flow was observed in all varicoceles. The direction of visualized flow and the influence on flow of the upright position and Valsalva maneuver were shown with confidence only in large and medium-sized lesions. In these the findings were consistent with incompetence of the internal spermatic venous system. The cystic spaces in multiloculated spermatoceles or epididymal cysts varied more in size, were not tubular or branching, and no flow phenomenon was seen at high gain settings. Sonography provides an alternative to other noninvasive tests for detection of a small varicocele, especially in the infertile patient.
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PMID:High-resolution real-time sonography of scrotal varicocele. 660 30

Neutral alpha-1,4-glucosidase catalyzes the breakdown of oligosaccharides in several tissues including the reproductive organs, and we have demonstrated the presence of two molecular forms (F1 and F2) of the enzyme in human seminal plasma. The identification of these forms can be achieved by sucrose density gradient analysis and/or electrophoresis in the presence of detergents. Individuals with normal sperm analyses or affected by a varicocele, thus showing normo- or oligoasthenozoospermia, show a similar prevalence of F1 only and F1 + F2 forms, while the presence of F2 alone becomes obvious following vasectomy. In conclusion, molecular forms of the enzyme do not appear to be indicative of the presence of a varicocele, but they may reflect modifications in the secretory function of specific reproductive organs (prostate) or glands (seminal vesicles), as observed in the course of an obstructive abnormality at the epididymal or vas deferens level.
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PMID:Neutral alpha-1,4-glucosidase in human seminal plasma: molecular forms in varicocele and after vasectomy. 674 56

Recent developments in the following areas of andrology are highlighted: varicocele; biochemical markers of epididymal function; genitourinary tract infection; evaluation of sperm motility; capacity for sperm fertilization; and the immunologic consequences of vasectomy. Discussion of the varicocele effect focuses on detection of thesubclinical varicocele, spermatic venography, Leydig cell functon, experimental models, and percutaneous venous treatment modalities. The size of the varicocele bears no relationship to its subsequent effects on spermatogenesis. Consequently, the "subclinical" varicocele, which is not palpable, becomes an important entity in the infertile patient. Use of a Doppler ultrasonic stethoscope for the detection of the nonpalpable varicocele and use of scrotal thermography have been reported although caution is advised with these techniques. The stress pattern is a nonspecific response of the germinal epithelium to a stimulus or the lack of a stimulus. Genitourinary infection or endocrinopathy can also cause an increased number of ejaculated immature sperm. Spermatic vein ligation is not justified in an infertile patient with a seminal stress pattern but without clinial evidence of a varicocele. Varicocelectomy also is unjustified in a patient with a palpable asymptomatic varicocele in the absence of a stress pattern. Venography in patients with varicocele should be reserved for individuals in whom persistence of a palpable or subclinical varicocele and abnormal semen parameters are observed following spermatic vein legation. It is also a research tool and can prove helpful in providing more information about testicular venous drainage. It may provide a vehicle for percutaneous treatment of the varicocele. Recent attention has been directed to a possible correlation between the presence of varicocele, Leydig cell function, and testosterone synthesis. The seminal stress pattern has been successfully produced in monkeys by a 90% constriction of the left renal vein between the vena cava and spermatic vein. The results indicated a bilateral testicular effect based on testicular biopsies. The conventional treatment for varicoceles is surgery. Recently, there have been reports of percutaneous, fluoroscopic treatment of these lesions. Originally considered to be a passive conduit for sperm transport, it is now evident that the epididymis is actively involved in the maturation of spermatozoa. The applicability of epididymal markers will be based primarily on the relative ease of determination in a clinical laboratory. Several newer methods for determining sperm motility -- turbidimetric techniques, laser light scattering techniques, and photographic tracking of sperm movement -- have been reported in an effort to increase objectivity, provide accurate records of sperm motilit, and study patterns of sperm movement and the effects of various exogenous agents. Vasectomy results in sperm antibody production. The presence of circulating sperm antibodies after vasectomy raises the possibility of systemic effects.
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PMID:Recent advances in male infertility research. 701 Jul 47

The association of in utero exposure to DES (diethylstilbestrol) and subsequent occurrence of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina and of lesion of the female reproductive tract is well known. Recent data have suggested that in utero DES exposure may also be harmful to male fetuses. This article presents the results of a study carried out on 17 male subjects exposed prenatally to DES, on 12 volunteers not exposed to DES, and on 11 husbands of pregnant women. All subjects were evaluated by physical examination, SFA (seminal fluid analysis), and SPA (sperm penetration assay). 14 out of 17 DES-exposed subjects and 2 out of 12 nonexposed volunteers has SPAs of less than 14%, which qualifies as infertile, while all 11 fertile control subjects had SPA values in the fertile range. 13 of the 17 DES-exposed subjects, 4 of the 12 nonexposed subjects, and 4 of the 11 control subjects had at least one abnormality of the reproductive organs, particularly varicocele and epididymal cysts. If one accepts SPA as a valid predictor of fertility than it seems possible that DES exposure may create a major fertility hazard for men.
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PMID:Possible relationship between in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure and male fertility. 723 14


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