Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The glycosidase activities (beta-D-mannosidase, alpha-L-fucosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase) have been compared in whole and split ejaculate samples from men whose couple suffers from infertility. The site of secretion of enzymatic activities is either prostatic or epididymal. The three enzymatic activities have possibly different origin and should constitute new biochemical markers of male genital tract.
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PMID:On some glycosidases (beta-D-mannosidase, alpha-L-fucosidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase) of human seminal plasma. 281 47

Gossypol administered orally to male rats at a daily dose of 20 mg/kg body weight for 62 days caused infertility. There were changes in the epididymal epithelium and the sperm were severely damaged and immotile. The sperm head was often detached; other defects were abnormal mitochondria, absence of plasma membranes and axonemal and accessory fibres and a lower oxygen uptake. To study the effect of gossypol on the motor apparatus of sperm, ram sperm were demembranated with the detergent, Triton-X-100. Such sperm models can normally be reactivated with ATP but gossypol (2.5-12.5 microM) decreased reactivation and must have a direct effect on the axoneme. Gossypol also inhibited ram sperm adenyl cyclase which is essential for maintaining high levels of cAMP in sperm and, in turn, motility. Ram sperm adenyl cyclase required Mn2+ for activity and high Mn2+ concentrations protected the enzyme from gossypol inhibition. Electron spin resonance studies proved that gossypol chelated Mn2+ with the formation of a 2:1 complex.
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PMID:Studies of the mechanism of action of gossypol as a male antifertility agent. 283 27

Adult male rats were treated with ethane dimethanesulphonate (EDS) to destroy the Leydig cells and were then supplemented for 3-10 weeks with testosterone esters (TE) by injection every 3 days. The latter treatment prevented Leydig cell regeneration but maintained quantitatively the androgen-dependent aspects of spermatogenesis, as judged by germ cell counts at stage VII of the spermatogenic cycle. Other than the absence of Leydig cells, the testes of EDS-treated, TE-supplemented rats showed only two morphological changes, (1) the appearance of mast cells throughout the interstitium, and (2) a 3- to 4-fold increase in the number of degenerating germ cells (secondary spermatocytes) at stages XIV-I; this was reflected in a significant decrease in the ratio of spermatids to pachytene spermatocytes at stage VII. These changes were not observed in either oil-treated or TE-treated control rats although similar, but less marked, changes in cell degeneration at stages XIV-I were observed in rats actively immunized against oxytocin. Epididymal sperm number was reduced marginally (approximately 15%) in EDS-treated, TE-supplemented rats while sperm motility was affected even less. In a serial mating trial, some of these treated rats showed evidence of subfertility/infertility, but this was mostly transient and may have been the result of epididymal effects of EDS. These results suggest that Leydig cell products other than testosterone are not essential for maintenance of spermatogenesis and fertility in rats, although because of increased germ cell degeneration during the final stages of meiosis (perhaps as the result of oxytocin withdrawal), a small reduction in sperm count may occur.
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PMID:Assessment of the role of Leydig cell products other than testosterone in spermatogenesis and fertility in adult rats. 285 Sep 97

The most important disturbances of male infertility are described in detail. The varicocele is in 30 to 40% the main cause of subfertility. 106 out of 125 patients are operated because of unability to conceive a child. Postoperatively, the results show a significant improvement of the sperm density, total sperm count, sperm morphology and the initial and late forward progression. 26% of the couples were achieve pregnancies. In obstructive azoospermia microsurgical repair is the preferable method. The obstruction, whether developmental or acquired, is most frequently at the epididymal junction. Vasography is performed intraoperative immediately before the planned reconstruction to demonstrate the block. In only 5 of 12 patients microsurgical repair was possible. The other patients had developmental abnormalities or scarring and long-distant obstruction. The diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in erectile impotence are described, 5 patients are operated by implantation of a penile prosthesis. The most important step in prophylaxis of infertility is the treatment of cryptorchidism. The therapy should be closed at the end of the second year of life. The role of testicular autotransplantation in selected cases is discussed. Because of more recent data suggest that a male factor is present in or contribute to as many as 50 per cent of the infertility problems and the urologist has the best training and expertise to examine and to diagnose disorders of the male reproductive tract, he should be at the forefront of treatment of these problems.
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PMID:[Contribution of urology in the interdisciplinary treatment concept of fertility disordered males]. 285 19

Three ligaments are described in relation to the epididymis: superior and inferior epididymal, and vasal ligaments. The study was conducted on 38 cadavers and included direct dissection and histologic examination. The superior and inferior epididymal ligaments are triangular folds of the visceral tunica vaginalis, and extend from epididymis to testicle. The superior ligament binds the epididymal head to the testicle, protecting the fine efferent ductules from damage. The inferior ligament fixes body and tail and mesoepididymis; further, it prevents epididymal convolutions from unraveling. The vasal ligament is a fibrous band, which binds the proximal end of the vas to the epididymal tail. It maintains an acute epididymovasal angle. In two cadavers, the inferior epididymal and vasal ligaments were absent. Convolutions of the lower body and tail of the epididymis were unraveled. The mesoepididymis was broad, and the epididymis was freely mobile from side to side; the epididymo-vasal angle was opened. The role of the epididymal and vasal ligaments in fixation of the epididymis, preservation of blood supply to both testicle and epididymis, and preventing unraveling of epididymal convolutions is stressed. Absent epididymal ligaments lead to "mobile epididymis," which may cause infertility.
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PMID:Epididymal ligaments: anatomy and function. 288 34

A total of 1386 operations for undescended testis was made in 1250 boys. In 774 of them an apparently intact testis and epididymis were found. In 612, such epididymal developmental abnormalities were detected which exclude or do not make possible the passage of sperms from these organs to the deferent duct. It is believed to be plausible that the large number of cases with infertility is due, also in individuals with a unilateral cryptorchidism, to the abnormal fusion of the epididymis in both testes.
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PMID:States causing infertility in adulthood in children with undescended testis. 288 2

Cryptorchidism is associated with impaired spermatogenesis and, at times, sterility. Early orchiopexy has been advocated as a possible means to prevent spermatogenic impairment and infertility in patients with cryptorchidism. This retrospective study is derived from data obtained from 74 cases that were observed during a period of approximately 10 years at our hospital. Particular attention was devoted to epididymal and vas deferens histological status. Of the 47 epididymides and vas deferens examined only 2 epididymides and 2 vas deferens showed histological maturity. The remainder showed varying degrees of immaturity that additionally correlated, when testicular tissue was available, with the presence of unfavorable testicular histological findings. Cryptorchidism is associated with changes in the gonads and spermatic duct system.
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PMID:Epididymal and vas deferens immaturity in cryptorchidism. 290 59

To evaluate the usefulness of phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) in assessing male infertility, we compared it with conventional semen analysis. Specimens were obtained from otherwise healthy patient groups as follows: group A, 7 fertile control subjects; group B, 12 azoospermic men after vasectomy; and group C, 11 patients presenting for infertility evaluation. Correlations between established semen analysis parameters and the 31P-MRS-derived ratio of glycerylphosphorylcholine to total phosphate (GPC/TP) were investigated. Group A controls had a mean GPC/TC ratio of 0.10 +/- 0.05, which was the same as that of group C. With the exception of significantly lowered motility and normal morphology in group C (p less than 0.001 and 0.05, respectively) semen analysis parameters in these two groups were similar. In contrast, the GPC/TP ratio in group B (0.05 +/- 0.04) was significantly different from the control (p less than 0.05), which appropriately reflected complete vasal occlusion. The results suggest that a significant portion of seminal GPC is derived from epididymal secretion and that 31P-MRS is useful for monitoring the GPC/TP levels when assessing epididymal function and male infertility.
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PMID:Assessment of male infertility: correlation between results of semen analysis and phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 291 84

Between December 7, 1984 and June, 1986, 34 men with exposure to methylene chloride were evaluated at the Greater Cincinnati Occupational Health Center (GCOHC). Their primary complaint involved problems associated with central nervous system dysfunction. However, 8 of the 34 men complained of testicular, epididymal or lower abdominal pain (found on exam to be prostatic in origin) and had clinical histories consistent with infertility. Semen specimens from four volunteers were found to be in the subfertile or infertile range with regard to motility, morphology and sperm density.
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PMID:Case reports of individuals with oligospermia and methylene chloride exposures. 298 Mar 97

Infertility because of testicular damage is a distressing problem for survivors of cancer chemotherapy. We have previously described a cytoprotective effect of temporary testicular circulatory isolation (TCI) during doxorubicin administration in the rat. In this report we define the relationship between duration of TCI and testicular ischemic injury, using paired groups of animals with normothermic TCI and hypothermic TCI. Sixty rats were used and received TCI for varying lengths of time up to 180 minutes, with or without hypothermia. On day 56 +/- 4, all rats were killed and necropsied. Testicular injury was evaluated qualitatively by histology and quantitatively by testicular weight, sperm head count, repopulation index, and epididymal index. Warm TCI for up to 60 minutes induced modest damage to germ cells, while injury was greater with cold TCI. Leydig cells and vascular tissues were essentially unaffected by TCI, although Sertoli cell abnormalities were noted in rats receiving a long duration of TCI.
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PMID:Tolerance of rat testis to graded periods of total circulatory isolation. 319 70


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