Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P56851 (epididymal)
 11,273 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Gonadal hormones affect body composition, food intake, weight gain and serum lipids in numerous species including man. In this study, mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were castrated or sham-operated at 16 weeks of age. During the 6-week observation period with weekly records of food intake and weight gain, these parameters were significantly lower in the castrated group. The decrease in food intake in this group could not account for the difference in body weight between the groups, indicating a lower feed utilisation in the castrates. At sacrifice accessory reproductive organs, the levator ani muscle, thymus and adrenals were dissected for determination of organ weight and histology, revealing significant reductions in the accessory reproductive organs and levator ani of the castrates. The thymus was significantly heavier in the castrated animals. No differences were found in the adrenals. Two of the sham-operated animals had signs of accidental functional castration. The proportion of body cell mass and total lipid of the carcass was the same in both groups. Significant reductions in adipocyte weights were found in the epididymal depots of the castrated rats. Blood samples taken at sacrifice in pentobarbital anaesthesia were analysed for glucose, insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, FFA, glycerol and protein. Statistically significant reductions in triglycerides and protein were recorded in the castrated animals without any significant changes in the other parameters studied. The results are discussed with reference to the age of castration and the importance of the reduced food intake in castrated animals.
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PMID:The effects of castration on body composition, adipose tissue cellularity and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in adult male rats. 94 53

Insulin at a physiological concentration (10(-3) IU/ml incubation medium) did not modify the glucose uptake by the thymuses of young rats, but increased significantly the glucose uptake by the involuted thymuses of older animals. Insulin at the same concentration enhanced the glucose uptake of the thymuses which underwent an accidental hydrocortisone-induced involution. Parallely, the effect of insulin on insulin dependent peripheral tissues (diaphragm and epididymal fat pad) was followed. In the presence of cystine (4.13 mumole/ml) in the incubation medium increased the glucose consumption by the thymus of young rats. This fact is discussed on the basis of the -S-S bond-protecting effect of cystine against the distroying effect of free -SH groups released from the thymus into the incubation medium.
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PMID:Insulin effect upon the "in vitro" glucose uptake by the white rat thymus during the age - and hydrocortisone - induced thymus involution. 124 Jul 38

Genetically obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats exhibit numerous metabolic and endocrine disorders associated with modest hypercorticosteronemia and reported changes in peripheral target tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids. In this study we investigated phenotypic differences in basal and stress-induced ACTH and corticosterone (B) secretion in intact and adrenalectomized lean and obese male Zucker rats. In addition, we determined whether differences in the sensitivity to B of plasma ACTH and insulin secretion as well as other peripheral B targets could be observed between the two phenotypes. There were no significant differences in basal ACTH or B in either the morning (AM) or evening (PM) in intact obese and lean rats; however, mean B was increased in the obese rats in the AM, and signs of chronically increased adrenocortical activity were observed, including increased adrenal weight and intraadrenal phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase activity and decreased thymus weight. In a second experiment, B was significantly elevated 3 min after either administration in obese compared to lean rats; however, there was no significant difference in B between the groups at 10 min, nor were ACTH levels at these times different. Five days after adrenalectomy with sc B replacement, ACTH was decreased as a function of B in both phenotypes under AM basal and stress conditions. The IC50 values for inhibition of basal ACTH by B were 3.16 and 4.17 micrograms/dl in lean and obese rats, respectively. Under stress conditions, the IC50 values were not different (4.39 micrograms/dl for lean and 4.24 micrograms/dl for obese rats). B dose-dependent increases in body and epididymal fat depot weights were greater in obese than in lean rats, an expected result because of elevated insulin levels in this group. Insulin exhibited only small B-dependent increases, and thymus weight decreased in a B-dependent fashion; there were no differences in the sensitivity to B of these measures between lean and obese rats. We conclude that 1) there is no evidence for altered sensitivity to B in obese rats for any of the B-sensitive end points measured; and 2) basal adrenocortical activity is slightly elevated, and the sensitivity of ACTH to B feedback is decreased in obese rats under AM conditions in the absence of external stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats exhibit normal target sensitivity to corticosterone and increased drive to adrenocorticotropin during the diurnal trough. 133 42

Casein kinase II from bovine epididymal spermatozoa was purified to apparent homogeneity by repeated chromatography with phosphocellulose and gel filtration with sephacryl S-200. The purified enzyme exhibited a molecular mass of 130 kDa by gel filtration and displayed three polypeptide bands with molecular masses of 26, 33, and 36 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antibodies raised against calf thymus casein kinase II cross reacted with the three sperm polypeptides. Incubation of the holoenzyme with either [gamma-32P]ATP or [gamma-32P]GTP resulted in the phosphorylation of the 26-kDa subunit. The enzymatic activity with casein as substrate was strongly inhibited by nanomolar heparin and greatly stimulated by micromolar spermine. With casein as substrate, the specific activity of the pure enzyme (0.5 mumol/min/mg protein) was comparable to that of casein kinase II from other sources. Endogenous substrates of the kinase were demonstrated by incubating sperm cytosolic extracts with [gamma-32P]GTP, under conditions that limit the expression of other protein kinases, and analyzing the products by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Similar results were obtained when sperm extracts, suitably diluted to minimize endogenous casein kinase II, were incubated with [gamma-32P]GTP and aliquots of pure sperm casein kinase II. Low concentrations (50 microM) spermine strongly enhanced the phosphorylation of 92- and 106-kDa cytosolic proteins. Our results clearly show that casein kinase II is present in spermatozoa and that it shares many of the properties of the enzyme from other sources. Further, they indicate that the enzyme plays a role in mediating the phosphorylation state of sperm proteins.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of polyamine-stimulated protein kinase (casein kinase II) from bovine spermatozoa. 189 32

The acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was examined in male C57BL/6J mice differing only at the Ah locus. Wild type mice (Ahb/b, "b/b") were treated once with 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 micrograms TCDD/kg po while congenic mice (Ahd/d, "d/d") received a single dose of 0, 400, 800, 1600, 2400, and 3200 micrograms TCDD/kg. Mice were checked daily, weighed twice a week, and those that survived, killed 35 days post-treatment. The LD50 values were 159 and 3351 micrograms/kg for b/b and d/d mice, respectively. Mean time to death was 22 days and was independent of dose and genotype. Decrease in body weight gain was noted in both strains 5 days after treatment and occurred at doses greater than or equal to 100 micrograms/kg in b/b mice and 1600 micrograms/kg in d/d mice. Dose-related increases in liver weight (both absolute and relative to body weight) and decreases in thymus, spleen, testes, and epididymal fat pad weights were observed at 8-24-fold higher doses in d/d than in b/b mice. A dose-related increase in segmented neutrophils was observed in both strains. Serum chemistry values indicated that 8-24X greater doses of TCDD were needed to elevate sorbitol dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and 5'-nucleotidase and to decrease total and esterified cholesterol in d/d than in b/b mice. Few effects were seen on total bile acids, serum triglycerides, glucose, or nonesterified cholesterol. In the liver, hepatocellular cytomegaly, fatty change, and bile duct hyperplasia occurred in both strains in a dose-related manner, as did thymic and splenic atrophy. Necrosis of germinal epithelium in the testes and edema in the stomach submucosa occurred at acutely toxic doses. These lesions also occurred at doses 8-24X greater in d/d than in b/b mice. Thus, the spectrum of toxicity is independent of the allele at the Ah locus, but the relative dose needed to bring about various acute responses is approximately 8-24X greater in congenic mice homozygous for the "d" allele than for the wild type animals carrying two copies of the "b" gene.
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PMID:Differential toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in C57BL/6J mice congenic at the Ah Locus. 237 98

Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) was infused subcutaneously into hypophysectomized rats for as long as 18 days. Three hundred micrograms (39 nmol) of rhIGF-I per day and 200 milliunits (4.5 nmol) of human growth hormone (hGH) per day increased body weight, tibial epiphyseal width, longitudinal bone growth, and trabecular bone formation similarly. Weight gains of the kidneys and spleen, however, were greater with rhIGF-I than with hGH, whereas the weight of the epididymal fat pads was reduced with rhIGF-I. The weight of the thymus was increased by rhIGF-I treatment. Thus, IGF-I administered over a prolonged period of time mimics GH effects in hypophysectomized rats. Quantitative differences between rhIGF-I and hGH treatment with respect to organ weights may be related to different forms of circulating IGF-I or may be due to independent effects of GH and IGF-I. The results support the somatomedin hypothesis, but they also stress the role of GH as a modulator of IGF-I action.
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PMID:Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I stimulates growth and has distinct effects on organ size in hypophysectomized rats. 338 45

The gp70s isolated from normal mouse tissues by radioimmune precipitation and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were shown to be highly pleomorphic. Their apparent molecular weights calculated from SDS-PAGE ranged from 75000 for thymus gp70 to 65000 for epididymal secretion gp70. Differences in the Mr of tissue-associated gp70s were confirmed by double-label co-electrophoresis studies. In addition, a high degree of primary structural pleomorphism among tissue-associated gp70s was demonstrated using two-dimensional tryptic peptide fingerprint analysis. These studies showed that most of the conserved peptides of tissue-associated gp70s were also common to xenotropic murine leukaemia virus (MuLV) gp70s. Thus, tissue-associated gp70s are probably encoded by endogenous xenotropic MuLV env genes or gene fragments. Tissue-associated gp70s also showed a very high level of primary structural pleomorphism. These phenomena were observed for gp70s derived from the tissues of several strains of mice. Tissue-associated gp70 pleomorphism may arise as a consequence of at least two simultaneously operating mechanisms. First, the expression of pleomorphic forms of gp70s on murine tissues may be regulated by mechanisms that also determine the differentiated state of the tissues. Second, endogenous xenotropic env genes may be modified by recombinational or mutational events among these genes, or among cellular genes that regulate the expression of endogenous proviral genes.
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PMID:Pleomorphism among murine tissue-associated gp70s. 631 66

Ecto-ATPase in rat cauda-epididymal intact spermatozoa has a high degree of substrate specificity for the hydrolysis of ATP and dATP rather than of ADP, AMP, GTP, dGTP, CTP, dCTP, TTP and UTP. The enzyme is activated by bivalent metal ions in the order Mg2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Co2+ greater than Ca2+. The apparent Km values of the enzyme for Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+ and Ca2+ are approx. 80, 100, 100 and 150 microM respectively. Addition of Ca2+ (0.1 or 1 mM) gives no further stimulation of the Mg2+-activated ecto-ATPase activity. The apparent Km value of the enzyme for ATP is 95 microM. Pi (16 mM) inhibits the enzymic activity (by 25%), whereas Na+ (50 mM) or K+ (10 mM) alone or in combination, polyamines (spermine and spermidine; 1--12.5mM) and nucleic acids (yeast RNA and calf thymus DNA; 0.12 or 0.62 mg/ml) had no significant effect on the activity of the enzyme. Orthovanadate at a relatively low concentration (20 microM) strongly inhibits (approx. 50%) the ecto-ATPase activity. Vanadate inhibition can be reversed by noradrenaline (2.5 mM). The vanadate-sensitivity of the enzyme increases markedly during spermatozoal maturation in the epididymis. However, the activity of the spermatozoal ecto-ATPase decreases progressively during the epididymal transit of the testicular spermatozoa.
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PMID:Enzymic characteristics of ecto-adenosine triphosphatase in rat epididymal intact spermatozoa. 645 84

Young male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing added pyridoxine . HCl at 22 mg/kg (control), 0 mg/kg or 88 mg/kg for 6 weeks. In comparison with control or pyridoxine-supplemented (+PN) rats, growth of the pyridoxine-deficient (-PN) rats was significantly less after 2 weeks. After 6 weeks, liver weight was higher but thymus and epididymal fat weights, in relation to body weight, were significantly lower in -PN compared to control rats. In -PN rats, phospholipid levels of linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids were increased, but arachidonic acid was decreased compared to controls in plasma, liver, thymus and skin. In liver triglycerides from -PN rats, all essential fatty acids (n3 and n6) were increased compared to both control and +PN rats. The n3 essential fatty acids were significantly increased in plasma, liver, and thymus phospholipids in the +PN compared to control rats. These results support previous reports of an effect of pyridoxine on essential fatty acid metabolism and suggest that both linoleic desaturation and gamma-linolenic acid elongation may be impaired in -PN rats. In addition, the accumulation of essential fatty acids in the liver triglycerides of -PN rats suggests that essential fatty acid turnover between triglyceride and phospholipid may be influenced by pyridoxine.
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PMID:Accumulation of linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids in tissue lipids of pyridoxine-deficient rats. 648 72

Hereditarily hairless rats have been maintained by sibmatings since 1973. These animals were termed "bald rats", and examined for their characteristics on genetics, physiological, hematological and clinical chemistry values and histology. The bald rats began to lose their hair at approximately three weeks of age. At five weeks of age, the skin was devoid of all general body hair except for the vibrissae, and the skin became wrinkled at two months of age. Histologically, follicular cysts were observed in a large number, from three months of age onward. The bald condition was a simple recessive character (ba); homozygous animals lost hair and heterozygous ones did not. The bald females attained sexual maturity around eight weeks of age and littered normally, but failed to nurse their young. The incapability of supplying sufficient milk supposedly resulted from the mammary glands that involuted after delivery. The bald animals consumed more food but showed lower values for body weights, plasma triglyceride, and epididymal adipose tissue amount than the haired animals. In addition, the bald males had brown adipose tissue in the interscapulum which was histologically activated as in newborn animals. Aged bald animals showed spontaneous tumors of the thymus, pituitary, testis, uterus, mammary gland, and skin. The incidence of skin tumors was much higher than those of tumors of other origins.
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PMID:Characteristics of a new hairless mutation (bald) in rats. 652 26


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