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Query: UNIPROT:P51812 (mitogen-activated protein)
 10,636 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two peaks of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activator activity are resolved upon ion exchange chromatography of cytosolic extracts from epidermal growth factor-stimulated A431 cells. Two forms of the activator (1 and 2) have been purified from these peaks, using chromatography on Q-Sepharose, heparin-agarose, hydroxylapatite, ATP-agarose, Sephacryl S-300, Mono S, and Mono Q. The two preparations each contained one major protein band with an apparent molecular mass of 46 or 45 kDa, respectively, on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Evidence identifying the MAP kinase activators as the 46- and 45-kDa proteins is presented. Using inactive mutants of MAP kinase as potential substrates, it was found that each preparation of MAP kinase activator catalyzes phosphorylation of the regulatory residues, threonine 188 and tyrosine 190, of Xenopus MAP kinase. These results support the concept that the MAP kinase activators are protein kinases. These MAP kinase kinases demonstrate an apparent high degree of specificity toward the native conformation of MAP kinase, although slow autophosphorylation on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues and phosphorylation of myelin basic protein on serine and threonine residues is detected as well.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of mitogen-activated protein kinase activator(s) from epidermal growth factor-stimulated A431 cells. 132 Nov 46

The subcellular distribution and regulation of MAP kinase isoforms in chicken hepatoma DU249 cells was investigated with antibodies directed against peptides patterned after sequences in the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, sea star p44mpk, and rat p44erk1. MonoQ chromatography of cytosol from these cells afforded the resolution of at least four peaks of myelin basic protein (MBP) phosphotransferase activity, but only one of these (peak II) was stimulated in extracts from phorbol ester-treated cells. A 40- to 41-kDa (p41) doublet on Western blots detected with three different MAP kinase antibodies was coincident with peak II, and it probably corresponded to the avian homolog of p42mapk/erk2. Immunofluorescent studies with DU249 cells and chicken embryo fibroblasts revealed that most of the cross-reactive protein with at least two different MAP kinase antibodies was distributed in the nucleus. Subcellular fractionation studies confirmed a predominantly nuclear localization for p41 MAP kinase. Nocodazole arrest of DU249 cells was exploited for the detection of an M-phase-activated MBP kinase that was resolved from p41 MAP kinase by phenyl-Superose chromatography. Western blotting analysis with antibodies for the cdc2-encoded protein kinase and p13suc1-agarose binding studies allowed positive identification of this MBP kinase as p34cdc2.
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PMID:Immunological characterization of avian MAP kinases: evidence for nuclear localization. 132 21

An insulin-stimulated phosphorylation cascade was examined in rat liver after insulin injection via a portal vein by the use of immune complex kinase assays specific to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and S6 kinase II homologue (rsk) kinase. We have prepared an antibody against the peptide consisting of a carboxyl-terminal portion of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (alpha C92), one of the MAP kinases, and an antibody against the peptide consisting of the carboxyl terminus of the mouse S6 kinase II homologue (alpha rsk(m)C). In alpha C92 immune complex assay, maximal activation of rat liver MAP kinases (approximately 4.3-fold) were observed 4.5 min after insulin injection. We also observed an insulin-stimulated MAP kinase activity (approximately 3-fold) in liver extracts from insulin-treated rat in fractions eluted from phenyl-Sepharose with 30-50% ethylene glycol. Kinase assay in myelin basic protein (MBP)-containing gel after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by denaturation with 6 M guanidine HCl, and renaturation revealed that insulin injection stimulated the kinase activity of the 42- and 44-kDa proteins, which corresponded to the two distinct MAP kinases. In alpha rsk(m)C immune complex assay, maximal stimulation (approximately 5-fold) of the S6 peptide (Arg-Arg-Leu-Ser-Ser-Leu-Arg-Ala) kinase activity was observed 7.5 min after insulin injection. In addition, MAP kinases purified from insulin-treated rat liver were able to activate S6 peptide kinase activity in vitro in alpha rsk(m)C immunoprecipitates from untreated rat liver, accompanied by the appearance of several phosphorylated bands including a major band at 88 kDa. We also examined whether insulin injection stimulates the MAP kinase activator (Ahn, N. G., Seger, R., Bratlien, R. L., Diltz, C. D., Tonks, N. K., and Krebs, E. G. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 4220-4227) in rat liver. Using recombinant Xenopus MAP kinase, fractions of Q-Sepharose eluted early in the NaCl gradient were found to have MAP kinase activator activity accompanied by the phosphorylation of 42-kDa recombinant Xenopus MAP kinase. From these data, we demonstrate three tiers of a cascade composed of the MAP kinase activator, MAP kinases, and an S6 peptide kinase activity in rat liver under physiological conditions in the intact animal.
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PMID:Sequential activation of MAP kinase activator, MAP kinases, and S6 peptide kinase in intact rat liver following insulin injection. 132 22

The activation of insulin-stimulated protein-serine/threonine kinases has been investigated in CHO cell lines transfected with cDNAs encoding either wild-type or mutant human insulin receptors. (1) Insulin treatment of CHO cells over-expressing wild-type insulin receptors resulted in the rapid and substantial (5-10-fold) activation of cytosolic protein kinases which phosphorylated myelin basic protein, Kemptide and two peptide substrates based on sites phosphorylated on ribosomal protein S6 in vivo. (2) Further fractionation of cytosolic extracts by MonoQ chromatography revealed two peaks of insulin-stimulated myelin basic protein kinase activity which were highly related to the previously described mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases ERK1 and ERK2. In addition, at least two major peaks of S6 kinase activity were resolved, which exhibited properties similar to the 70 kDa and 90 kDa S6 kinases described by others; the predominant effect of insulin was on the activity of the 90 kDa enzyme and was in excess of 10-fold. (3) MonoQ fractionation of extracts from parental CHO cells, or cells expressing kinase-deficient receptors, showed all insulin-stimulated peaks of activity to be almost completely absent. (4) Further studies demonstrated that substitution of tyrosine residues 1162 and 1163 (or 1162 alone) with phenylalanine led to a substantial reduction in the ability of insulin to stimulate these protein kinase activities when assayed in cytosolic extracts. In contrast, deletion of 69 amino acids from the C-terminus of the insulin receptor beta-subunit caused a leftward shift in the insulin dose-response curve of the MAP kinase activity, but apparently not in that of the 90 kDa S6 kinase activity.
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PMID:Characterization of insulin-stimulated protein serine/threonine kinases in CHO cells expressing human insulin receptors with point and deletion mutations. 132 27

Cross-linking of membrane immunoglobulin (mIg), the B lymphocyte antigen receptor, with anti-receptor antibodies stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of proteins, including one of 42 kDa. Proteins with a similar molecular mass are tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to receptor stimulation in other cell types and have been identified as serine/threonine kinases, termed mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases or extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). The MAP kinases constitute a family of related kinases, at least three of which have molecular masses of 40-45 kDa. In this paper we show that mIg cross-linking stimulated the myelin basic protein phosphotransferase activity characteristic of MAP kinase in both mature and immature murine B cell lines. This enzyme activity co-purified on three different columns with a 42 kDa protein that was tyrosine-phosphorylated (pp42) in response to mIg cross-linking and which reacted with a panel of anti-(MAP kinase) antibodies. Although immunoblotting with the anti-(MAP kinase) antibodies showed that these B cell lines expressed both 42 kDa and 44 kDa forms of MAP kinase, only the 42 kDa form was activated and tyrosine-phosphorylated to a significant extent. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) with phorbol esters also resulted in selective tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the 42 kDa MAP kinase. This suggested that mIg-induced MAP kinase activation could be due to stimulation of PKC by mIg. However, mIg-stimulated MAP kinase activation and pp42 tyrosine phosphorylation was only partially blocked by a PKC inhibitor, the staurosporine analogue Compound 3. In contrast, Compound 3 completely blocked the ability of phorbol esters to stimulate MAP kinase activity and induce tyrosine phosphorylation of pp42. Thus mIg may activate MAP kinase by both PKC-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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PMID:Selective activation of p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in murine B lymphoma cell lines by membrane immunoglobulin cross-linking. Evidence for protein kinase C-independent and -dependent mechanisms of activation. 138 67

The mechanism of growth hormone (GH) action was studied in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with GH receptor cDNA. Cytosolic extracts from GH- or phorbol ester (12-O-tetradecanoyl 4 beta-phorbol 13-acetate)-treated cells, transfected with full-length GH receptor cDNA, had an enhanced ability to phosphorylate myelin basic protein. Myelin basic protein, a substrate for mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, was maximally phosphorylated using extracts from cells treated with 50 nM bovine GH for 10 min. In addition, GH treatment resulted in an increased cell proliferation by 30-60%. GH and 12-O-tetradecanoyl 4 beta-phorbol 13-acetate cause tyrosine phosphorylation of two proteins with M(r) of 40,000 and 42,000 that are also recognized by MAP kinase antibodies. These proteins were identified as MAP kinases by analyzing phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates on Western blots using MAP kinase antibodies. In addition, GH induces mitogenicity, as well as MAP kinase activation, in CHO cells expressing a receptor in which 184 amino acids had been deleted in the carboxyl-terminal part of the intracellular domain. No GH effects were seen in untransfected cells, in CHO cells expressing a truncated GH receptor containing only 5 of 349 amino acids in the intracellular domain, or in cells expressing the soluble GH-binding protein. In conclusion, our data show that GH treatment of CHO cells, reconstituted with GH receptors, initiates a phosphorylation cascade which includes MAP kinase.
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PMID:Growth hormone (GH) induction of tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in cells transfected with rat GH receptor cDNA. 138 20

We have studied the function of a mutant human insulin receptor in which two COOH-terminal autophosphorylation sites (Tyr-1316 and -1322) were replaced by phenylalanine (F/Y COOH-terminal 2 tyrosines (CT2)). In addition, we have also constructed a mutant receptor in which Lys-1018 in the ATP-binding site was changed to arginine (R/K 1018). Both the wild type insulin receptor (HIR) and the mutant receptors were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by stable transfection. Autophosphorylation of solubilized and partially purified F/Y CT2 was decreased by approximately 30% compared with the HIR. Tyrosine kinase activities of F/Y CT2 and HIR toward exogenous substrates were almost equal. When CHO cells transfected with F/Y CT2 (CHO-F/Y CT2) were stimulated with insulin, autophosphorylation of the beta-subunit of the insulin receptor and the phosphorylation of an endogenous substrate (pp185) in the intact cell were normal compared with cells expressing HIR (CHO-HIR). CHO-F/Y CT2 exhibited the same insulin sensitivity as CHO-HIR with respect to 2-deoxyglucose uptake. However, the dose-response curve of insulin-stimulated thymidine incorporation in CHO-F/Y CT2 was shifted to the left (approximately 5-7-fold) compared with that in CHO-HIR. There was no significant difference in insulin-like growth factor 1-stimulated thymidine incorporation between CHO-F/Y CT2 and CHO-HIR. Furthermore, the dose-response curve of insulin-stimulated kinase activity toward myelin basic protein in CHO-F/Y CT2 was also shifted to the left (approximately 5-fold) compared with that in CHO-HIR. Kinase assays in myelin basic protein-containing gels revealed that both species of MAP kinases (M(r) 44,000, 42,000) were more sensitive to activation by insulin in CHO-F/Y CT2 than in CHO-HIR. This observation was confirmed in immune complex kinase assays toward microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) using specific antibodies against mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. R/K 1018 mutant insulin receptors showed an absence of insulin-stimulated kinase activity and CHO cells transfected with R/K 1018 (CHO-R/K 1018) failed to enhance 2-deoxyglucose uptake or thymidine incorporation in response to insulin. In addition, R/K 1018 kinase-defective insulin receptors were unable to mediate insulin-stimulated MAP kinase activation. These data suggest that: 1) tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor is required for activation of insulin-stimulated MAP kinases and 2) phosphorylation of COOH-terminal tyrosine residues may play an inhibitory role in mitogenic signaling through regulation of MAP kinases.
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PMID:Enhanced insulin-induced mitogenesis and mitogen-activated protein kinase activities in mutant insulin receptors with substitution of two COOH-terminal tyrosine autophosphorylation sites by phenylalanine. 161 80

Two site-specific antibodies have been prepared by immunizing rabbits with chemically synthesized peptides derived from the partial cDNA-predicted amino acid sequence of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), which has been proposed to encode the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) kinase (Boulton, T. G., Yancopoulos, G. D., Gregory, J. S., Slauer, C., Moomaw, C., Hsu, J., and Cobb, M. H. (1990) Science 249, 64-67). With immunoprecipitation in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Western blotting, an antibody to the peptide containing triple tyrosine residues (alpha Y91) resembling one of the insulin receptor autophosphorylation sites specifically recognized 42- and 44-kDa proteins. On the other hand, an antibody to the peptide corresponding to the COOH terminus portions (alpha C92) of the ERK1 cDNA gene product recognized the 44-kDa protein much more efficiently than the 42-kDa protein. With immunoprecipitation in the absence of SDS, alpha Y91 could barely recognize these two proteins and alpha C92 recognized the 44-kDa protein but failed to recognize the 42-kDa protein. Kinase assays in myelin basic protein (MBP)-containing gel, after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, revealed that insulin or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-stimulated MBP kinase activity in alpha Y91 immunoprecipitates comigrated at molecular mass 42 and 44 kDa. On the other hand, the stimulated MBP kinase activity in alpha C92 immunoprecipitates comigrated only at molecular mass 44 kDa. Insulin stimulated the MBP kinase activity in gels and phosphorylation of these two proteins by greater than 10-fold with a maximal level at 5 min. Insulin and TPA rapidly stimulate the phosphorylation of the 42- and 44-kDa proteins via de novo threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation. Tryptic phosphopeptide mapping analysis of the 42- and 44-kDa proteins, respectively, revealed a single major phosphopeptide containing phosphothreonine and phosphotyrosine, which was common to both insulin- and TPA-stimulated phosphoproteins. Protein phosphatase 2A treatment of these two phosphoproteins caused a complete loss of kinase activity with selective dephosphorylation of phosphothreonine. These data strongly suggest that these two proteins are highly related to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase with an apparent molecular mass of 42 kDa (Ray, L. B., and Sturgill, T. W. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 3753-3757) and that these two immunologically similar but distinct MBP/MAP2 kinases may represent isozymic forms of MBP/MAP2 kinases. These data also demonstrate that insulin and TPA activate MBP/MAP2 kinase activity by de novo phosphorylation of threonine and tyrosine residues via a very similar pathway.
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PMID:Insulin and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate activation of two immunologically distinct myelin basic protein/microtubule-associated protein 2 (MBP/MAP2) kinases via de novo phosphorylation of threonine and tyrosine residues. 166 17

Bovine myelin basic protein (MBP) was found to be an excellent in vitro substrate (apparent Km = 50 microM) for MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase and can be used in lieu of microtubule-associated protein 2 for purification and functional studies of the enzyme. MBP phosphotransferase activity co-purified with MAP kinase during sequential DE52, phenyl-Superose, and gel filtration chromatography, and kinase activities for the two substrates were co-regulated by mitogen stimulation. MAP kinase phosphorylated MBP exclusively on threonine, and only one major phosphopeptide was generated by digestion with trypsin or endoproteinase Lys-C. Using mass spectrometry, we determined that the phosphorylation site is threonine 97, present in the conserved triproline loop of MBP, with (partial) sequence -Thr-Pro-Arg-Thr97-Pro-Pro-Pro-. Thr97 is a known in vivo phosphorylation site in MBP although enzymes capable of phosphorylating this site have not been identified previously. MAP kinase phosphorylated peptide 88-109 from rabbit MBP and a synthetic peptide 91-109 from human MBP but did not phosphorylate either the histone H1 peptide, utilized by p34cdc2, or the peptide substrate for the recently described proline-directed kinase. Thus, the sequence surrounding threonine 97 in bovine MBP may contain essential features of a recognition sequence for MAP kinase.
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PMID:Identification by mass spectrometry of threonine 97 in bovine myelin basic protein as a specific phosphorylation site for mitogen-activated protein kinase. 170 Sep 79

Meiotic maturation of Xenopus and sea star oocytes involves the activation of a number of protein-serine/threonine kinase activities, including a myelin basic protein (MBP) kinase. A 44-kDa MBP kinase (p44mpk) purified from mature sea star oocytes is shown here to be phosphorylated at tyrosine. Antiserum to purified sea star p44mpk was used to identify antigenically related proteins in Xenopus oocytes. Two tyrosine-phosphorylated 42-kDa proteins (p42) were detected with this antiserum in Xenopus eggs. Xenopus p42 chromatographs with MBP kinase activity on a Mono Q ion-exchange column. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Xenopus p42 approximately parallels MBP kinase activity during meiotic maturation. These results suggest that related MBP kinases are activated during meiotic maturation of Xenopus and sea star oocytes. Previous studies have suggested that Xenopus p42 is related to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases of culture mammalian cells. We have cloned a MAP kinase relative from a Xenopus ovary cDNA library and demonstrate that this clone encodes the Xenopus p42 that is tyrosine phosphorylated during oocyte maturation. Comparison of the sequences of Xenopus p42 and a rat MAP kinase (ERK1) and peptide sequences from sea star p44mpk indicates that these proteins are close relatives. The family members appear to be tyrosine phosphorylated, and activated, in different contexts, with the murine MAP kinase active during the transition from quiescence to the G1 stage of the mitotic cell cycle and the sea star and Xenopus kinases being active during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.
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PMID:Tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of homologous protein kinases during oocyte maturation and mitogenic activation of fibroblasts. 170 93


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