Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: UNIPROT:P51812 (mitogen-activated protein)
10,636 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hypertrophy, which results in various cardiovascular diseases. Ang II-induced cellular events have been implicated, in part, in the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. Although it has been proposed that daily intake of bioflavonoids belonging to polyphenols reduces the incidence of ischemic heart diseases (known as "French paradox"), the precise mechanisms of efficacy have not been elucidated. Thus, we hypothesized that bioflavonoids may affect Ang II-induced MAP kinase activation in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC). Our findings showed that Ang II stimulated rapid and significant activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 in RASMC. Ang II-induced JNK activation was inhibited by 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin), a major bioflavonoid in foods of plant origin, whereas ERK1/2 and p38 activation by Ang II were not affected by quercetin. Ang II caused a rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of Src homology and collagen (Shc), which was inhibited by quercetin. Quercetin also inhibited Ang II-induced Shc.p85 association and subsequent activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathway in RASMC. Furthermore, LY294002, a PI3-K inhibitor and a quercetin derivative, inhibited Ang II-induced JNK activation as well as Akt phosphorylation. Finally, Ang II-induced [(3)H]leucine incorporation was abolished by both quercetin and LY294002. These findings suggest that the preventing effect of quercetin on Ang II-induced VSMC hypertrophy are attributable, in part, to its inhibitory effect on Shc- and PI3-K-dependent JNK activation in VSMC. Thus, inhibition of JNK by quercetin may imply its usefulness for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases relevant to VSMC growth.
...
PMID:Quercetin inhibits Shc- and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation by angiotensin II in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. 1156 26

Cytokine-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and concomitant production of nitric oxide (NO) involve activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and are in most cases mediated by the transcription factor NF-kappaB. We investigated the role of p38 MAP kinase activation and IkappaB phosphorylation in iNOS expression in a novel iNOS-inducing model in mouse macrophages. Deprivation of serum from the culture medium of RAW 264.7 cells up-regulated iNOS and NO production, which were inhibited by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a component of oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Serum withdrawal induced phosphorylation of Akt, IkappaB, and p38 MAP kinase. Pretreatment with the potent PI3 kinase inhibitor wortmannin, the NF-kappaB inhibitor PDTC or the specific p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580 each partially attenuated the induction of iNOS and NO production, demonstrating that both p38 activation and IkappaB phosphorylation are required for iNOS expression. SB203580, however, did not prevent the phosphorylation of Akt and IkappaB, suggesting that the p38 MAP kinase signal contributes to iNOS gene expression through an IkappaB-phosphorylation-independent pathway. HNE, which markedly inhibited iNOS expression and NO production, prevented the serum withdrawal-triggered IkappaB phosphorylation but not that of Akt or p38 MAP kinase. A high concentration of HNE stimulated dephosphorylation of IkappaB but promoted activation of p38 MAP kinase. Taken together, these results suggest that NF-kappaB and p38 MAP kinase lie in separate signal pathways for serum deprivation-stimulated iNOS expression and NO production. HNE selectively suppresses the former pathway, targeting a site downstream of Akt.
...
PMID:Distinct involvement of NF-kappaB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in serum deprivation-mediated stimulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and its inhibition by 4-hydroxynonenal. 1157 44

Both lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are platelet-derived phospholipids that elicit diverse biological responses. In endothelial cells, S1P stimulates the EDG-1 receptor-mediated activation of the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), but the role of LPA in eNOS regulation is less well understood. We now report that LPA treatment of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) activates eNOS enzyme activity in a pathway that involves phosphorylation of eNOS on serine 1179 by protein kinase Akt. In contrast to the cellular responses elicited by S1P in COS-7 cells, LPA can stimulate the activation of eNOS and Akt independently of EDG-1 receptor transfection. LPA-stimulated enzyme activation was significantly attenuated in an eNOS mutant lacking the site that is phosphorylated by kinase Akt (eNOS S1179A). In BAEC, activation of eNOS by LPA is completely blocked by pertussis toxin, by the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA (1,2-bis(aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid), and by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor wortmannin, but is unaffected by U0126, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. Analysis of the LPA dose response for eNOS activation reveals an EC(50) of approximately 40 nM, a concentration well below the potency of LPA at the EDG-1 receptor. Taken together, these results indicate that LPA potently activates eNOS in BAEC in a pathway distinct from the EDG-1 receptor, but mediated by a similar receptor-mediated pathway dependent on pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins and involving activation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway. These studies have identified a role for the phospholipid LPA in eNOS activation, and point out the complementary role of distinct platelet-derived lipids in endothelial signaling pathways.
...
PMID:Lysophosphatidic acid and receptor-mediated activation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. 1193 94

Previously, we observed that 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70(s6k)) plays an essential role during the early phase of oocyte maturation in Rana dybowskii. To investigate further the early signal transduction components involved in this process, the possible role of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3 kinase) during oocyte maturation was examined. Progesterone-induced oocyte maturation was significantly inhibited by wortmannin and LY294002, specific inhibitors of PI3 kinase. In contrast, protein kinase C activator 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced oocyte maturation was not inhibited by wortmannin. Protein synthesis was also significantly suppressed by wortmannin treatment during oocyte maturation. Moreover, PI3 kinase inhibitor suppressed progesterone-induced phosphorylation of S6 kinase in a dose-dependent manner. Likewise, PI3 kinase inhibitors significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase which was increased during oocyte maturation. Finally, progesterone-induced H1 kinase activity was also inhibited by PI3 kinase inhibitors in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results suggest that PI3 kinase is an initial component of the signal transduction pathway which precedes p70(s6k), MAP kinase, and MPF production during progesterone-induced maturation of amphibian oocyte.
...
PMID:Involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase in the progesterone-induced oocyte maturation in Rana dybowskii. 1203 Jul 77

The signaling pathways that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) use to activate Akt in ovarian cancer cells are investigated here. We show for the first time, with the use of both pharmacological and genetic inhibitors, that the kinase activity and S473 phosphorylation of Akt induced by LPA and S1P requires both mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase (MEK) and p38 MAP kinase, and MEK is likely to be upstream of p38, in HEY ovarian cancer cells. The requirement for both MEK and p38 is cell type- and stimulus-specific. Among 12 cell lines that we tested, 11 respond to LPA and S1P and all of the responsive cell lines require p38 but only nine of them require MEK. Among different stimuli tested, platelet-derived growth factor stimulates S473 phosphorylation of Akt in a MEK- and p38-dependent manner. However, epidermal growth factor, thrombin, and endothelin-1-stimulated Akt S473 phosphorylation require p38 but not MEK. Insulin, on the other hand, stimulates Akt S473 phosphorylation independent of both MEK and p38 in HEY cells. T308 phosphorylation stimulated by LPA/S1P requires MEK but not p38 activation. MEK and p38 activation were sufficient for Akt S473 but not T308 phosphorylation in HEY cells. In contrast to S1P and PDGF, LPA requires Rho for Akt S473 phosphorylation, and Rho is upstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K). LPA/S1P-induced Akt activation may be involved in cell survival, because LPA and S1P treatment in HEY ovarian cancer cells results in a decrease in paclitaxel-induced caspase-3 activity in a PI3-K/MEK/p38-dependent manner.
...
PMID:Akt activation induced by lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate requires both mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and is cell-line specific. 1218 43

Fc receptors of avian heterophils play a primary role in the elimination of bacterial pathogens in poultry. The cross-linking of Fc receptors with IgG-bacteria complexes results in the secretion of toxic oxygen metabolites and anti-bacterial granules. We have been investigating the upstream signaling events that precede degranulation following crosslinkage of Fc receptors on heterophils. Previously when using the non-selective pharmacological inhibitors genistein, chelerythrine, verapamil, and pertussis toxin, we found no significant inhibitory effects on Fc-mediated heterophil degranulation. In the present studies, we used more selective pharmacological inhibitors to investigate the roles of protein tyrosine kinases, phospholipase C (PLC), phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, and the family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) on Fc-mediated heterophil degranulation. Inhibitors of the receptor-linked tyrosine kinases (the tryphostins AG 1478 and AG 1296) had no attenuating effects on the Fc receptor-mediated degranulation of chicken heterophils. Likewise, PP2, a selective inhibitor of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases, had no inhibitory effects on degranulation. However, piceatannol, a selective inhibitor of Syk tyrosine kinase, significantly attenuated the effect of Fc receptor-mediated degranulation. Additionally, Fc-mediated degranulation was significantly attenuated by SB 203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, but not by PD98059, an inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). An inhibitor of phospholipase C, U73122 and LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphoinositol-3 kinase significantly decreased heterophil degranulation. These results suggest that the Fc receptors on chicken heterophils, like their counterparts on mammalian neutrophils, have no intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, but probably mediate downstream events through activation of tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM). Activation of the Syk tyrosine kinase stimulates downstream phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, phospholipase C, and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase as signaling pathways that regulate Fc-receptor-mediated degranulation of chicken heterophils. Engaging Fc receptors on chicken heterophils activates a Syk-->PLC-->PI3-K-->p38 MAPK signal transduction pathway that induces degranulation.
...
PMID:Selective pharmacological inhibitors reveal the role of Syk tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C, phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in Fc receptor-mediated signaling of chicken heterophil degranulation. 1218 37

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important for intracellular signaling mechanisms regulating many cellular processes. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) may regulate cell growth by changing the level of intracellular ROS. In our study, we investigated the effect of ROS on 7721 human hepatoma cell proliferation. Treatment with H2O2 (1-10 microM) or transfection with antisense MnSOD cDNA constructs significantly increased the cell proliferation. Recently, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and the protein kinase B (PKB) were proposed to be involved in cell growth. Accordingly, we assessed the ability of ROS to activate MAPK and PKB. PKB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were both rapidly and transiently activated by 10 microM H2O2, but the activities of p38 MAPK and JNK were not changed. ROS-induced PKB activation was abrogated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor LY294002, suggesting that PI3-K is an upstream mediator of PKB activation in 7721 cells. Transfection with sense PKB cDNA promoted c-fos and c-jun expression in 7721 cells, suggesting that ROS may regulate c-fos and c-jun expression via the PKB pathway. Furthermore we found that exogenous H2O2 could stimulate the proliferation of PKB-AS7721 cells transfected with antisense PKB cDNA, which was partly dependent on JNK activation, suggesting that H2O2 stimulated hepatoma cell proliferation via cross-talk between the PI3-K/PKB and the JNK signaling pathways. However, insulin could stimulate 7721 cell proliferation, which is independent of cross-talk between PI3-K/PKB and JNK pathways. In addition, H2O2 did not induce the cross-talk between the PI3-K/PKB and the JNK pathways in normal liver cells. Taken together, we found that ROS regulate hepatoma cell growth via specific signaling pathways (cross-talk between PI3-K/PKB and JNK pathway) which may provide a novel clue to elucidate the mechanism of hepatoma carcinogenesis.
...
PMID:Reactive oxygen species stimulated human hepatoma cell proliferation via cross-talk between PI3-K/PKB and JNK signaling pathways. 1236 5

The insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) has the ability to confer clonogenic radioresistance following ionizing irradiation. We attempted to determine the downstream pathways involved in IGF-IR-mediated radioresistance and used mouse embryo fibroblasts deficient in endogenous IGF-IR (R-) as recipients for a number of mutant IGF-IRs. Mutational analysis revealed that the tyrosine at residue 950 (Tyr-950) of IGF-IR, as well as the C-terminal domain, are required for radioresistance and that both domains must be mutated to abrogate the phenotype. Furthermore, the contribution of downstream pathways was analyzed by combining the use of wild-type or Tyr-950 and C-terminal mutants with specific inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3-K) or mitogen-activated protein extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK). Radioresistance could be induced by IGF-IR as long as the ability of the receptor to stimulate the MEK/ERK pathway was retained. This was confirmed by the expression of constitutively active MEK in R- cells. The ability to stimulate the PI3-K pathway alone was not sufficient, but PI3-K activation coupled with MEK/ERK pathway-independent signals from the C terminus was able to induce radioresistance. Taken together, these results indicate that the IGF-IR-mediated radioresistant signaling mechanism progresses through redundant downstream pathways.
...
PMID:Redundancy of radioresistant signaling pathways originating from insulin-like growth factor I receptor. 1249 43

High density lipoprotein (HDL) activates endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS), leading to increased production of the antiatherogenic molecule NO. A variety of stimuli regulate eNOS activity through signaling pathways involving Akt kinase and/or mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. In the present study, we investigated the role of kinase cascades in HDL-induced eNOS stimulation in cultured endothelial cells and COS M6 cells transfected with eNOS and the HDL receptor, scavenger receptor B-I. HDL (10-50 microg/ml, 20 min) caused eNOS phosphorylation at Ser-1179, and dominant negative Akt inhibited both HDL-mediated phosphorylation and activation of the enzyme. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 kinase) inhibition or dominant negative PI3 kinase also blocked the phosphorylation and activation of eNOS by HDL. Studies with genistein and PP2 showed that the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, Src, is an upstream stimulator of the PI3 kinase-Akt pathway in this paradigm. In addition, HDL activated MAP kinase through PI3 kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase inhibition fully attenuated eNOS stimulation by HDL without affecting Akt or eNOS Ser-1179 phosphorylation. Conversely, dominant negative Akt did not alter HDL-induced MAP kinase activation. These results indicate that HDL stimulates eNOS through common upstream, Src-mediated signaling, which leads to parallel activation of Akt and MAP kinases and their resultant independent modulation of the enzyme.
...
PMID:High density lipoprotein-induced endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activation is mediated by Akt and MAP kinases. 1251 59

Complement receptors (CRs), along with Fc receptors, play a primary role in the removal of bacterial pathogens in poultry. The binding of serum-opsonized bacteria to CR results in the secretion of both toxic oxygen metabolites and antibacterial granules. We have previously shown that the stimulation of chicken heterophils with serum-opsonized Salmonella enteritidis induced tyrosine kinase-dependent phosphorylation regulated degranulation. In the present studies, we used selective pharmacological inhibitors to investigate the roles of protein tyrosine kinases, phospholipases C and D (PLC and PLD), phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3-K), and the super family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) on CR-mediated heterophil degranulation. Inhibitors of receptor-linked tyrosine kinases (the tryphostins AG1478 and AG1296) had no attenuating effects on CR-mediated degranulation. However, PP2, a selective inhibitor of the src family of protein tyrosine kinases, and piceatannol, an inhibitor of Syk tyrosine kinases, both significantly attenuated the CR-mediated degranulation. Additionally, the specific inhibitors of PLC, U73122, and PI3-K, LY294002, significantly decreased CR-mediated heterophil degranulation. Two inhibitors of PLD-mediated signaling, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and 1-butanol, hindered degranulation. Addition of purified PLD restored control levels of degranulation in heterophils in which PLD was inhibited. Lastly, SP600125, a selective inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), inhibited degranulation; whereas neither PD98059, the inhibitor of p38 MAPK, nor SB203580, the inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, had any effect on CR-mediated heterophil degranulation. These studies demonstrate that CRs on chicken heterophils lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, but that binding of serum-opsonized bacteria activates both proximal tyrosine kinases (src and Syk kinases), but differentially activates downstream tyrosine kinases (JNK, but not p38 nor ERK). Activation of src and Syk kinases plays a significant role in signal transduction of heterophil degranulation probably by stimulating downstream phosphorylation of PLC, PLD, and PI3-K. PI3-K has also been recently shown to be an upstream mediator of JNK activation, suggesting that this enzyme can induce signaling as both a lipid kinase and protein kinase. Engaging CRs on chicken heterophils activates a proximal tyrosine kinase (src and Syk kinases)-->PLC (PLD)-->PI3-K-->JNK signal transduction pathway that induces degranulation.
...
PMID:The use of selective pharmacological inhibitors to delineate signal transduction pathways activated during complement receptor-mediated degranulation in chicken heterophils. 1275 38


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>

---