Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P51812 (mitogen-activated protein)
 10,636 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The TEC-family protein tyrosine kinases ITK, RLK and TEC have been identified as key components of T-cell-receptor signalling that contribute to the regulation of phospholipase C-gamma, the mobilization of Ca(2+) and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Recent data also show that TEC kinases contribute to T-cell-receptor-driven actin reorganization and cell polarization, which are required for productive T-cell activation. Functional studies have implicated TEC kinases as important mediators of pathways that control the differentiation of CD4(+) T helper cells. Here, we review studies of signalling pathways that involve TEC kinases and how these pathways might contribute to the regulation of T-helper-cell differentiation and function.
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PMID:TEC-family kinases: regulators of T-helper-cell differentiation. 1580 48

S-acylation (palmitoylation) is a poorly understood post-translational modification of proteins involving the addition of acyl lipids to cysteine residues. S-acylation promotes the association of proteins with membranes and influences protein stability, microdomain partitioning, membrane targeting and activation state. No consensus motif for S-acylation exists and it therefore requires empirical identification. Here, we describe a biotin switch isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based method to identify S-acylated proteins from Arabidopsis. We use these data to predict and confirm S-acylation of proteins not in our dataset. We identified c. 600 putative S-acylated proteins affecting diverse cellular processes. These included proteins involved in pathogen perception and response, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) and RLK superfamily members, integral membrane transporters, ATPases, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-activating protein receptors (SNAREs) and heterotrimeric G-proteins. The prediction of S-acylation of related proteins was demonstrated by the identification and confirmation of S-acylation sites within the SNARE and LRR-RLK families. We showed that S-acylation of the LRR-RLK FLS2 is required for a full response to elicitation by the flagellin derived peptide flg22, but is not required for localization to the plasma membrane. Arabidopsis contains many more S-acylated proteins than previously thought. These data can be used to identify S-acylation sites in related proteins. We also demonstrated that S-acylation is required for full LRR-RLK function.
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PMID:A proteomic approach identifies many novel palmitoylated proteins in Arabidopsis. 2325 21

Chemokines are small regulatory proteins that play a crucial role in the coordinated migration of cell populations to the site of infection/inflammation by binding to their cognate receptors. In principle, chemokine receptors, which are serpentine G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), mediate the series of downstream intracellular signaling events that occur inside the cells to resolve the pathogenicity. Intracellular signaling pathways regulated by the kinase protein sub-families are the center of attention for chemokine derived functional responses. Kinases potentially influence cell migration, cell growth, transcriptional activation, and other essential molecular events. The regulation and flow of the signals by the kinases are different for each physiological and pathological event and are tightly regulated by the nature and pairing of chemokine(s) with its receptor(s). For example, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is activated during the initial steps of the chemokine induced signaling cascade to regulate chemotaxis, transcription, and cell survival. G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRKs) plays a crucial role in the desensitization and internalization of the chemokine receptors. The regulation of chemokine receptor is also governed by kinases like protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinases / extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MAPK/ERK), etc. It was also established that tyrosine-protein kinases (TECs) such as ITK and RLK play a significant role in chemokine signaling in T lymphocytes. On a similar note, many others like janus kinases (JAKs), Protein kinase B (PKB), PKC, etc. are also studied in chemokine mediated disease models. The present review elucidates the role of different kinases involved in the chemokine/chemokine receptor mediated signaling cascade during various pathophysiological processes.
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PMID:Molecular insights into kinase mediated signaling pathways of chemokines and their cognate G protein coupled receptors. 3211 37