Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UNIPROT:P51532 (transcriptional activator)
6,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The glass gene is required for proper photo-receptor differentiation during development of the Drosophila eye glass codes for a DNA-binding protein containing five zinc fingers that we show is a transcriptional activator. A comparison of the sequences of the glass genes from two species of Drosophila and a detailed functional domain analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster glass gene reveal that both the DNA-binding domain and the transcriptional-activation domain are highly conserved between the two species. Analysis of the DNA-binding domain of glass indicates that the three carboxyl-terminal zinc fingers alone are necessary and sufficient for DNA binding. We also show that a deletion mutant of glass containing only the DNA-binding domain can behave in a dominant-negative manner both in vivo and in a cell culture assay that measures transcriptional activation.
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PMID:Functional domain analysis of glass, a zinc-finger-containing transcription factor in Drosophila. 760 32

The product of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae LEU3 gene, Leu3p, is a transcriptional activator which regulates leucine biosynthesis in response to intracellular levels of leucine through the biosynthetic intermediate alpha-isopropylmalate. We devised a novel assay to examine the DNA site occupancy of Leu3p under different growth conditions, using a reporter gene with internal Leu3p-binding sites. Expression of the reporter is inhibited by binding of nuclear Leu3p to these sites; inhibition is dependent on the presence of the sites in the reporter, on the integrity of the Leu3p DNA-binding domain, and, surprisingly, on the presence of a transcriptional activation domain in the inhibiting protein. By this assay, Leu3p was found to occupy its binding site under all conditions tested, including high and low levels of leucine and in the presence and absence of alpha-isopropylmalate. The localization of Leu3p to the nucleus was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining of cells expressing epitope-tagged Leu3p derivatives. We conclude that Leu3p regulates transcription in vivo without changing its intracellular localization and DNA site occupancy.
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PMID:Detection of leucine-independent DNA site occupancy of the yeast Leu3p transcriptional activator in vivo. 762 98

We have characterized a stress-responsive transcriptional activation domain of mouse heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) by using chimeric GAL4-HSF1 fusion proteins. Fusion of the GAL4 DNA-binding domain to residues 124 to 503 of HSF1 results in a chimeric factor that binds DNA yet lacks any transcriptional activity. Transactivation is acquired upon exposure to heat shock or by deletion of a negative regulatory domain including part of the DNA-binding-domain-proximal leucine zippers. Analysis of a collection of GAL4-HSF1 deletion mutants revealed the minimal region for the constitutive transcriptional activator to map within the extreme carboxyl-terminal 108 amino acids, corresponding to a region rich in acidic and hydrophobic residues. Loss of residues 395 to 425 or 451 to 503, which are located at either end of this activation domain, severely diminished activity, indicating that the entire domain is required for transactivation. The minimal activation domain of HSF1 also confers enhanced transcriptional response to heat shock or cadmium treatment. These results demonstrate that the transcriptional activation domain of HSF1 is negatively regulated and that the signal for stress induction is mediated by interactions between the amino-terminal negative regulator and the carboxyl-terminal transcriptional activation domain.
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PMID:The carboxyl-terminal transactivation domain of heat shock factor 1 is negatively regulated and stress responsive. 762 25

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is characterized cytogenetically by a t(2;13)(q35;q14) chromosomal translocation involving two transcription factor genes: PAX3 and FKHR. ARMS cells express a PAX3-FKHR fusion protein containing the complete N-terminal, DNA-binding domain of PAX3 and the C-terminus of FKHR. Recently we demonstrated that PAX3-FKHR is a more potent transcriptional activator than PAX3 despite impaired binding to canonical PAX3 binding sites. Therefore, we propose that the gene fusion results in switching of PAX3 and FKHR transactivation domains with distinct structure, potency or function. To compare the PAX3 and putative PAX3-FKHR transactivation domains, we fused C-terminal test fragments to the heterologous GAL4 DNA-binding domain and tested activation of a reporter gene co-transfected into four cell types. GAL4-PAX3 and GAL4-PAX3-FKHR were found to be potent activators exhibiting different concentration-dependent transactivation profiles and distinct structural motifs. Deletion mapping demonstrated essential acidic and/or serine/threonine-rich domains in the extreme 3' ends of their respective coding regions and positive modifying elements in adjacent 5' sequences. These data demonstrate that PAX3 and PAX3-FKHR contain structurally distinct transcriptional activation domains and suggest that a consequent difference in function is important for oncogenesis.
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PMID:Wild type PAX3 protein and the PAX3-FKHR fusion protein of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma contain potent, structurally distinct transcriptional activation domains. 762 19

The homeodomain is a DNA-binding domain present in a large family of eukaryotic regulatory proteins. Homeodomain proteins have been shown to play key roles in controlling developmental programs in various organisms. Here we report the isolation and characterisation of a homeobox gene from Arabidopsis thaliana designated ATK1. The gene was isolated using as a probe the homeobox domain of the KN1 gene from maize. The homeodomain of ATK1 is highly homologous to the homeodomain of the KN1 gene of maize (81%) but shows only poor homology outside the homeodomain. Therefore ATK1 is probably not the Arabidopsis homologue of the KN1 gene from maize. It contains the four invariant amino acid residues present in the recognition helix 3 of all other homeodomain proteins. Outside the homeodomain a region rich in aspartate and glutamate residues is found suggesting that ATK1 is a transcriptional activator. The gene contains four introns which is similar in the KN1 gene of maize and the Osh1 gene of rice. Primer extension reveals the presence of two transcription initiation sites. The leader sequence of the genuine transcript is 342 nucleotides long and contains two upstream open reading frames. ATK1 is strongly expressed in the shoot apex of seedlings, while in mature plants the gene is primarily expressed in flowers and inflorescence stems. Such an expression pattern is reminiscent of that of the KN1 gene of maize and therefore ATK1 could similarly be involved in determining cell fate.
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PMID:The homeobox gene ATK1 of Arabidopsis thaliana is expressed in the shoot apex of the seedling and in flowers and inflorescence stems of mature plants. 764 3

An analysis of the 2 kb nucleotide sequence including the 5'-flanking region of a cell-adhesion protein-encoding gene (mfbA) isolated from the basidiomycete Lentinus edodes revealed that the promoter region contains a TATA box, a GC box, a CAAT box, a CT-rich sequence element, a TATA box, two CT-rich sequences, and a CAAT box, in the order, from upstream to downstream. Three major and three alternative transcriptional initiation sites were located 127, 129 and 131 nucleotides and 96, 193 and 197 nucleotides downstream from the downstream TATA box, and all the three major sites are positioned just in the most downstream CT-rich sequence. Three 16 bp unique sequences similar to the binding sites of Neurospora crassa transcriptional activator protein qa-1F (Baum et al. (1987) Expression of qa-1F activator protein: Identification of upstream binding sites in the qa gene cluster and localization of the DNA-binding domain. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 1256-1266) were present between the upstream TATA box and upstream CAAT box.
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PMID:Characterization of the promoter region of a cell-adhesion protein gene derived from the basidiomycete Lentinus edodes. 764 40

Monoblasts transformed by v-Myb can be induced to differentiate into macrophages by treatment with phorbol ester (TPA). This differentiation occurs during both the G1 and the G2 phases of the cell cycle and is accompanied by cell cycle arrest. The introduction of a protein consisting of the three repeats (3R) of the c-Myb DNA-binding domain permits the by-pass of this phorbol ester-induced differentiation and cell cycle arrest. In particular, monoblasts which express the 3R protein progress through both the G1/S and G2/M transitions in the presence of phorbol ester. However, the 3R protein contains no detectable transcriptional activation domain. These results demonstrate that the c-Myb DNA-binding domain can regulate the cell cycle without functioning as a direct transcriptional activator.
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PMID:By-pass of TPA-induced differentiation and cell cycle arrest by the c-Myb DNA-binding domain. 765 37

The PEA3 group is a homogeneous group of the ets transcription factor family and is composed of three known members, PEA3, ERM and ER81, which, on the amino acid (AA) level, are more than 95% identical within the DNA-binding domain (the Ets domain), more than 85% within a 32 AA domain (the acidic domain) localized in the amino-terminus and almost 50% identical overall. By screening a human kidney cDNA library with a specific probe obtained from mouse ER81, we isolated two clones of 1.6 and 1.5 kb in length encoding a 458 AA open reading frame. When compared to mouse ER81, the present human ER81 lacks the last 13 AA of the acidic domain and the 5 AA contiguous to the carboxy-terminal part of the acidic domain. Of the 458 AA of the human ER81 protein, 97% are identical to mouse ER81. Gel shift analysis indicates that the full-length human ER81 protein is able to bind specifically to an oligonucleotide containing the binding sites recognized by most of the Ets proteins. By transient expression in RK13 mammalian cells, human ER81 protein transactivated a reporter plasmid containing Ets binding sites, indicating that this molecule is a bonafide transcriptional activator, while by expression in Cos-1 transfected cells, we detected the presence of human ER81 protein in the nucleus using immunocytochemistry. In human tissues, ER81 mRNA is very highly expressed in brain, highly expressed in testis, lung and heart, moderately in spleen, small intestine, pancreas and colon, weakly in liver, prostate and thymus, very weakly in skeletal muscle, kidney and ovary and not in placenta and peripheral blood leukocytes. Analysis of human solid or haematopoietic tumour cell lines showed that most of them did not express ER81 detectably. Database searches revealed that ETV1 mRNA is highly similar to human ER81 described here, although it contains the full-length acidic domain present in mouse ER81. By screening a genomic DNA library, we characterized the intron-exon junction within the acidic domain of human ER81 and we showed that this junction corresponds to the site where the remaining AA of the acidic domain of ETV1 or mouse ER81 are inserted.
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PMID:Molecular characterization of the ets-related human transcription factor ER81. 765 41

The p53 tumor suppressor protein is a transcriptional activator, which can mediate apoptotic cell death in a variety of cell types. To determine whether sequence-specific trans-activation is a prerequisite for the induction of apoptosis by p53, the apoptotic effects of various p53 deletion mutants were monitored in an assay based on the transient transfection of HeLa cells. A truncated protein (p53dl214), containing only the first 214 amino-terminal residues of murine p53, induced extensive apoptosis, albeit at a slower rate than trans-activation-competent wild-type p53. p53dl214 also suppressed the transformation of rat fibroblasts by several oncogene combinations and particularly by myc plus ras and HPV E7 plus ras. p53dl214 lacks a major portion of the DNA-binding domain and cannot activate p53-responsive promoters. Moreover, a human p53 protein carrying mutations in residues 22 and 23 also triggered HeLa cell apoptosis, despite failing to induce significant activation of relevant p53 target promoters. These data suggest the existence of two p53-dependent apoptotic pathways--one requiring activation of specific target genes, and the other independent of sequence-specific trans-activation. The latter pathway may actually be totally uncoupled from the binding of p53 to its consensus DNA sites. The relative contribution of trans-activation-independent apoptosis to tumor suppression by p53 may be dictated by the specific genetic lesions present in the particular tumor.
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PMID:Induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by trans-activation-deficient p53. 765 68

Effects of sibiromicyn, distamicyn A and its analogs on binding to DNA and to poly(dA).poly(dT) are reported for a 23-amino acid synthetic zinc-binding peptide, a part of the DNA-binding domain of the transcriptional activator GAL-4. Circular dichroism and fluorometry have shown that the synthetic peptide and two distamicyn A analogs compete for binding sites on DNA and on poly(dA).poly(dT). Antibiotic sibiromycin which forms a covalent bond with a guanine 2-amino group in the minor DNA groove can displace the peptide from a 19 bp self-complementary oligonucleotide serving as a specific target site for Gal-4 protein. The peptide is shown to bind to a glucosylated phage T2 DNA, but its affinity to T2 DNA is weaker than to calf thymus DNA under the same conditions. A method to estimate binding constant and size of the binding site for the synthetic peptide and poly(dA).poly(dT) is proposed based on the binding isotherms of distamycin analogs in the absence and in the presence of the peptide. Using isotherms of binding to poly(dA).poly(dT) for two distamycin analogs with binding constants differing 60-fold, the binding constant of the peptide in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl is estimated as 1.4.10(7)-1.8.10(7) M-1.
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PMID:[A synthetic zinc chelating peptide competes for DNA binding sites with antibiotics, adsorbed in a minor DNA groove]. 778 40


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