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Query: UNIPROT:P51532 (transcriptional activator)
 6,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Control of gene expression depends on a complex and delicate balance of various posttranslational modifications of histones. However, the relevance of specific combinations of histone modifications is not fully defined. Downstream effector proteins recognize particular histone modifications and transduce this information into gene expression patterns. Methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me) is a landmark of gene expression control in eukaryotes. Its recognition depends on the presence in the effector protein of a motif termed plant homeodomain (PHD) that specifically binds to H3K4me3. Here, we establish that Arabidopsis ORC1, the large subunit of the origin recognition complex involved in defining origins of DNA replication, functions as a transcriptional activator of a subset of genes, the promoters of which are preferentially bound by ORC1. Arabidopsis ORC1 contains a PHD and binds to H3K4me3. In addition to H4 acetylation, ORC1 binding correlates with increased H4K20me3 in the proximal promoter region of ORC1 targets. This suggests that H4K20me3, unlike in animal cells, is associated with transcriptional activation in Arabidopsis. Thus, our data provide a molecular basis for the opposite role of ORC1 in transcriptional activation in plants and repression in animals. Since only ORC1 proteins of plant species contain a PHD, we propose that plant ORC1 constitutes a novel class of H3K4me3 effector proteins characteristic of the plant kingdom.
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PMID:Arabidopsis ORC1 is a PHD-containing H3K4me3 effector that regulates transcription. 1917 93

Gene expression control depends on the combinatorial presence of various posttranslational modifications of the N-terminal tail of histones, among which acetylation and methylation of lysine residues are the most conspicuous. Effector proteins have been identified that recognize specific histone modifications and transduce the information of the histone code into different degrees of chromatin compaction in either facultative or constitutive heterochromatin. In addition, they also impinge on transcriptional control, either activation or repression, of euchromatic genes. However, a large variety of effector proteins lead to different gene expression readouts. This is complicated by accumulating evidence showing that the consequences of various histone modifications differ among animals and plants. Given the conservation of histone marks, and histone modification enzymes, this has evolutionary implications as to how they are interpreted differently in different organisms. One example that illustrates such diversity of the histone code is the large subunit of the origin recognition complex, ORC1. In plants, but not in yeast and animal cells, ORC1 functions as a transcriptional activator of a subset of target genes and is a plant homeodomain (PHD)-containing protein that binds to histone H3K4me3 residues.
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PMID:Novel insights into the plant histone code: lessons from ORC1. 1948 63

Transcription factors of the plant-specific apetala2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) family control plant secondary metabolism, often as part of signalling cascades induced by jasmonate (JA) or other elicitors. Here, we functionally characterized the JA-inducible tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) AP2/ERF factor ORC1, one of the members of the NIC2-locus ERFs that control nicotine biosynthesis and a close homologue of ORCA3, a transcriptional activator of alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. ORC1 positively regulated the transcription of several structural genes coding for the enzymes involved in nicotine biosynthesis. Accordingly, overexpression of ORC1 was sufficient to stimulate alkaloid biosynthesis in tobacco plants and tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) root cultures. In contrast to ORCA3 in C. roseus, which needs only the GCC motif in the promoters of the alkaloid synthesis genes to induce their expression, ORC1 required the presence of both GCC-motif and G-box elements in the promoters of the tobacco nicotine biosynthesis genes for maximum transactivation. Correspondingly, combined application with the JA-inducible Nicotiana basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors that bind the G-box element in these promoters enhanced ORC1 action. Conversely, overaccumulation of JAZ repressor proteins that block bHLH activity reduced ORC1 functionality. Finally, the activity of both ORC1 and bHLH proteins was post-translationally upregulated by a JA-modulated phosphorylation cascade, in which a specific mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, JA-factor stimulating MAPKK1 (JAM1), was identified. This study highlights the complexity of the molecular machinery involved in the regulation of tobacco alkaloid biosynthesis and provides mechanistic insights about its transcriptional regulators.
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PMID:APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR and basic helix-loop-helix tobacco transcription factors cooperatively mediate jasmonate-elicited nicotine biosynthesis. 2141 55